Friday, January 29, 2010
Thursday, January 28, 2010
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
Prez speech-words
2nd green revolution
climate change
sustainable development
env friendly approachs
4th largest PPP
resiliance during finacial crisis
finacial inclusion
bottom of the pyramid
social justice
health facilities
womens empowerment
demographic dividend
knowledge economy
7th largest geographical
democratic nation
participarty
speedy building of infra
weak implimentation
accountability of impl. of
SHG
short supply of food items-2nd green revolution
tech,seeds,irrigations,credits,traing,out the box thinging
agri economy-as acetre of generation
farming+corporate linkages
food processing-<10%
village economy
clean energy
urgent caling
broader sections of society
media can becme integral part of life
terrorism for more than two decades
voice of india-voice of peace,voice of hope and voice of development
channelise all our efforts
fortune is the out of good works
climate change
sustainable development
env friendly approachs
4th largest PPP
resiliance during finacial crisis
finacial inclusion
bottom of the pyramid
social justice
health facilities
womens empowerment
demographic dividend
knowledge economy
7th largest geographical
democratic nation
participarty
speedy building of infra
weak implimentation
accountability of impl. of
SHG
short supply of food items-2nd green revolution
tech,seeds,irrigations,credits,traing,out the box thinging
agri economy-as acetre of generation
farming+corporate linkages
food processing-<10%
village economy
clean energy
urgent caling
broader sections of society
media can becme integral part of life
terrorism for more than two decades
voice of india-voice of peace,voice of hope and voice of development
channelise all our efforts
fortune is the out of good works
Saturday, January 23, 2010
FAQ n Links
What is kWh Meter?
Any electrical utility, which provides electrical power to its consumers, expects to be fairly reimbursed for this service. To do this a device called an Electric Meter is deployed, that measures customer usage in kilowatt hours. The kWh meter, i.e., killowatthour meter must accurately measure voltage, current and power factor continuously over a period of time to arrive at killowatthours.
Killowatthours = Watts x Hours / 1000
Differentiate Single Phase, Polyphase and Three Phase Meters?
Single Phase Meter An Electricity Meter consisting of one metering element and used to eter Single Phase services such as a residential service is known as Single Phase Meter.
Polyphase Meter An electricity meter used for polyphase service power measurement. It may have 2, 2 ½ or 3 metering elements either self-contained or transformer rated type.
Three Phase Meter A polyphase meter having 3 metering elements are referred as Three Phase meters
What is meant by Phantom Loads?
During meter testing, it is easy to obtain the desired test voltage from the power line. However it is difficult to generate desired test current because different current values are required, depending upon the current rating of the meter under test.
A phantom load is used for this purpose. It basically consists of a special loading transformer that steps the line voltage to a lower value, which is then applied through loading resistors (different values for different currents) to the meter under test to produce current. This concept is used by the Meter manufacturers for both portable phantom load set ups and test benches.
What is a DSP?
DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) are processors whose hardware, software and instruction sets are optimized for high-speed numeric processing applications-an essential for processing digital data representing analog signals in real time.
Any electrical utility, which provides electrical power to its consumers, expects to be fairly reimbursed for this service. To do this a device called an Electric Meter is deployed, that measures customer usage in kilowatt hours. The kWh meter, i.e., killowatthour meter must accurately measure voltage, current and power factor continuously over a period of time to arrive at killowatthours.
Killowatthours = Watts x Hours / 1000
Differentiate Single Phase, Polyphase and Three Phase Meters?
Single Phase Meter An Electricity Meter consisting of one metering element and used to eter Single Phase services such as a residential service is known as Single Phase Meter.
Polyphase Meter An electricity meter used for polyphase service power measurement. It may have 2, 2 ½ or 3 metering elements either self-contained or transformer rated type.
Three Phase Meter A polyphase meter having 3 metering elements are referred as Three Phase meters
What is meant by Phantom Loads?
During meter testing, it is easy to obtain the desired test voltage from the power line. However it is difficult to generate desired test current because different current values are required, depending upon the current rating of the meter under test.
A phantom load is used for this purpose. It basically consists of a special loading transformer that steps the line voltage to a lower value, which is then applied through loading resistors (different values for different currents) to the meter under test to produce current. This concept is used by the Meter manufacturers for both portable phantom load set ups and test benches.
What is a DSP?
DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) are processors whose hardware, software and instruction sets are optimized for high-speed numeric processing applications-an essential for processing digital data representing analog signals in real time.
foot print
Minimize Your Electricity Footprint
I. Basic Interventions that are inexpensive! 1. CFL (Compact Fluorescent Light) Bulbs A Regular 60 Watt Light Bulb (Incandescent Bulb) can be replaced by an 11 Watt (+ 3 Watt Choke) CFL Bulb, without any compromise on lighting power. This translates to a 75% energy saving. While CFL bulbs have been a technology causing some concern due to their mercury content, recent innovation have lead to the creation of Eco-Friendly 'Green' CFL's which have a significantly reduced mercury content. An example of these eco-friendly Green CFL's, are those manufactured in India by Havells India Ltd.. CLICK HERE to download a sample catalog of energy saving low-mercury CFL bulbs. Replacing 6, 60 Watt Light Bulbs with 11 Watt CFL's, used 8 hours per day, can reduce carbon footprint by 1.2 tonnes CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 3400 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. Additionally, since these bulbs last approximately 6 times longer than (5 years at 3.3 hours per day usage) regular bulbs, their higher initial cost is recovered through fewer regular bulb purchases which burnout approximately every 10 months (at 3.3 hours per day usage). And this is the least known, but very crucial, advantage of CFL and other energy saving lighting technologies - they reduce the heat load that air conditioners must 'fight'. This is because more than 98% of the energy output of an Incandescent Bulb is wasted as heat energy, which warms the air in a room. By reducing the power supplied by 75% (by using CFL bulbs), the quantity of heat generated in the room is also reduced proportionally. The end result is a significant savings in energy costs and carbon footprint from Air Conditioner use. 2. Energy Saving Tube lights Usual fluorescent tube lights consume approximately 40 Watts of power plus another 20 Watts are consumed by the choke. Implementation of newer technologies has resulted in tube lights that consume 10% lesser power - 36 W. These energy-saving tube lights have been accorded a 5-star energy rating by India's Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). The Bureau of Energy Efficiency's website: http://97.74.87.53:8090/beeLabel/protected/jsp/SearchOptions.jsp lists the specific makes and models of these 36 W tube lights. CLICK HERE to download the BEE's list of 5-star rated tubelights. Replacing 6 regular tube lights with 5-star rated tube lights, used 8 hours per day, can reduce carbon footprint by 103 kg CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 300 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates, such as Mumbai. 3. Energy Saving Fans We use them for many hours every day, much more than lighting devices which are used only at night. Consequently energy saving technology has a magnified impact when applied to the realm of ceiling fan technology. It is therefore great news that ceiling fans have evolved tremendously in recent times. Bewilderingly however, not too many people are aware of these new types of fans. Hopefully, once you've read this - you too will become a Fan of this new technology and use it to cut your footprint. Energy savings fans use 33 % less power (less than 50 Watts) compared to conventional ceiling fans (75 Watts). Replacing 6 conventional ceiling fans with energy saving fans, used 16 hours per day, can reduce carbon footprint by 1.3 tonnes CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 3700 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. CLICK HERE to download the BEE's list of 5-Star Energy Rated Ceiling Fans. 4. Solar Heat-Reflecting Clear Window Films Most of the carbon footprint from air-conditioned residences and offices is the consequence of electricity consumption by cooling appliances. While installing more energy efficient air conditioners is an effective way to reduce this footprint, the footprint reduction can be greatly enhanced by reducing the quantity of incoming heat energy that the device has to 'fight'. The commonly used dark-tinted films applied on automobile windows, is an example of a relatively outmoded method of reducing incoming heat energy to minimize air-conditioning load. Reflective 'mirror-like' surfaces that reject solar energy also perform the same function. These solutions, while reducing heat load, do however have an adverse effect on the lighting requirements of the indoor areas they shield - they block visible light as much as they block heat energy from the sun. Recent innovations have resulted in the creation of films that reject upwards of 90% of infrared and UV rays (the primary agents of conveying solar heat into interiors of building) while permitting 70% of visible light to pass through. Such films are known as spectrally selective films. By comparison, heavy silver window films permit just 15 to 20% of visible light to pass through. As an added benefit, the UV-blocking property of these films leads to dramatic reduction in fading of upholstery, carpets and other soft-furnishing. Prolonging the life of these resource intensive and high cost products has notable indirect but tangible footprint benefits as well. The lower cost of incorporating this solution relative to the cost of replacing existing cooling devices elevates this alternative in the priority list of interventions; it ought to be implemented as a pre-requisite prior to any other capital intensive solutions. The pioneers in this realm are V-Kool International Pvt. Ltd. which has offices and operations in India. II. Basic interventions that don't involve any additional expenses 1. Air Conditioners 1.Reduced AC Use One night (8-hours) of air-conditioner use (1-ton AC suitable for a small sized room) results in approximately the same 'Carbon Footprint' as from driving an average Indian car for 85 kilometers. Reducing the use of these high-energy consuming appliances is indisputably the most effective means of reducing your footprint - even better than replacement with better technology 2. An AC uses 3 to 5 percent less energy for each degree set above 220C (71.50F); Setting the thermostat of your room air conditioner at 250C (770F) will therefore result in 10 to 15% energy and footprint savings without compromising comfort too much. 3. Using ceiling or room fans along with the AC allows you to set the thermostat higher because the air movement will cool the room. 4. Clean the air-conditioner filter every month. A dirty air filter reduces airflow and may damage the unit. Clean filters enable the unit to cool down quickly and use less energy. 5. Minimize use of the "outside air" option. Energy consumption for cooling the incoming outdoor air is significantly greater than energy required to re-circulate the already cooled indoor air. 6. A very important step: figuring out the right size as per the need. Oversized air conditioners cycle on and off more frequently. Also, they don't dehumidify as much, reducing comfort levels and causing users to set thermostat temperatures even lower. Result: higher electricity bills and larger footprint. CLICK here for an online calculator that helps determine the appropriate Air Conditioner size (Tons) for your need. 2. Refrigerators 1. Make sure that refrigerator is kept away from all sources of heat, including direct sunlight, radiators and appliances such as the oven, and cooking range. 2. When it's dark, place a lit flashlight inside the refrigerator and close the door. If light around the door is seen, the seals need to be replaced. Alternatively, use the following test: With the door open, place a paper so that half of it protrudes outside the frame. Then close the door. The paper should be held snugly. If paper slips out easily, replace the door seals. 3. Place the refrigerator so that there is sufficient space for continuous airflow around the refrigerator. Refrigerator motors and compressors generate heat, if the heat can't escape, the refrigerator's cooling system will work harder and use more energy. 4. Allow hot and warm foods to cool and cover them well before putting them in refrigerator; the Refrigerator will use less energy and condensation will be reduced. 5. When dust builds up on refrigerator's condenser coils, the motor works harder and uses more electricity. Clean the coils regularly to make sure that air can circulate freely. 6. For Manual Defrost (Direct Cool) Refrigerators, accumulation of ice reduces the cooling power by acting as unwanted insulation. Defrost freezer compartment regularly for a manual defrost refrigerator. 3. Computers & Printers 1. While purchasing a printer, select one with power management capabilities. Printers with automatic "power down" features can reduce electricity use by over 65% whilst idle. 2. Consider buying a laptop for your next computer upgrade. Laptops use upto 90% less energy compared to desktop computers. 3. Screen-savers cause your computers systems to keep running unnecessarily and are a waste of energy. Instead, set computers, monitors, and copiers to use sleep-mode when not in use - this helps cut energy cost and footprint by approximately 40%. 4.If your computer must be left on, turn off the monitor; this device alone uses more than half the system's energy. Consider this: you can laser print 800 pages with the energy wasted by leaving a computer monitor ON overnight. 5.It is a popular misconception that keeping computers 'ON', even when not in use, reduces system wear due to power-on and off operations. Wrong. Start-ups and shutdowns do not use any extra energy, nor are they hard on your computer components. In fact, shutting computers down when you are finished using them actually reduces system wear - and saves energy. A computer that runs 24 hours a day, for instance, uses more power than an energy-efficient Refrigerator. Turning on 'Power Management Feature' For a Windows? based PC - this can save up to 70% energy: 1. Press 'Start' 2. Go to 'Control Panel' 3. Select 'Power Options' or 'Power Management Options' 4. Set Monitor turn off time (15 mins recommended) System stand-by time (30 mins recommended) and other setting depending on your system. For Windows XP laptops: Choose 'Portable/ laptop and change the options under "running on batteries". For the ultimate battery life, for example, set "Turn off Monitor" to "After 2 Minutes" and "Turn off Hard Disk" to "After 5 Minutes". For Windows Vista laptops: Vista uses pre-set options called "Power Plans". The "Power Saver Plan" is a good start but you can also click "Change Plan Settings" and change "Turn off Display" to "2 minutes". For Apple Macs: Click the apple icon at the top left, then choose "System Preferences". In the "Hardware" section, click on "Energy Saver" icon change settings for both the "Power Adapter" and the "Battery" options by moving the slider under "put the computer to sleep when it is inactive for" and "put the display to sleep when the computer is inactive for" sliders. Tips on making your laptop battery last long Despite improved battery technologies and more energy efficient processors, bigger brighter screens drain battery power, as do hard disks and DVD drives. 1. Turn of wireless off when not in use - Wi-Fi connections drain power even when you are not connected to the internet. To turn the wireless off, look for a switch that turns the airport "OFF" on the side of your laptop. Alternately, there may be wireless icon on the task bar that you can (right) click on to bring up the instructions needed to enable or disable your wireless. 2. Adjust the brightness of your screen- the brighter your computer screen, the more energy is needed to back-light it. Make the screen as dim as you comfortable can. To do this - there may either be a function key command (e.g. Fn + 8), a single key command (e.g. F1, F2 on Mac), a physical control or buttons on the side of your computer to do this. Please check your computer's manual if you are not sure. 3. Do one thing at a time - keeping several programs open simultaneously uses the computer's processing power and also its virtual memory. Exit one program before switching to the next. 4. Hibernate (For Windows laptops) - a Windows laptop has two standby modes - 'Hibernate' and 'Suspend'. 'Suspend' restarts faster but uses more power. To switch to Hibernate in Windows XP, go to "Power Options" in control panel and click ''Hibernate' tab, then tick 'Enable Hibernation'. Click "OK" to finish. 5. Unplug USB devices - unplug any USB or PC card network adapters, memory keys that you are not using. 6. Eject CDs and DVDs if not using them - even if your computer is not using the CDs or DVDs in its drive, it checks them sporadically which wastes energy. 7. Close non-essential start-up programs - you might be surprised at how many programs launch on your computer the moment you boot up. While some of them show up on your screen, others run silently in the background. All such programs use energy, irrespective of whether you use them. If you are not sure what a particular start-up program does, do a search on it before disabling it. Disabling start-up programs on Windows: Click on "Start", then "Program". Find the "Startup" folder and open it. If you see anything you do not need, fight click and select "Delete". Disabling start-up programs on Apple Mac: Click on the Apple logo. Select "System Preferences". Click on the "Accounts" tab under "System" group. Click on click on "Login Items". Delete any start-ups that you do not need. 8. Quit non-essential services - desktop search applications, network tools and messaging application run in the background even when you are not using them. You can (right)click on their icons and select the relevant 'Exit' or "Switch Off' option. 4. Water Heater Reducing the temperature setting of a water heater from 60 degrees to 50 degrees C results in over 18% energy and footprint savings. 5. Microwave Ovens & Electric Kettles 1. Microwaves save energy by reducing cooking times. In fact, one can save up to 50 percent on your cooking energy costs by using a microwave oven instead of a regular oven, especially for small quantities of food. 2. Use an electric kettle to heat water. It's more energy efficient than using an electric cook top element and an open cooking-stove flame. 3. When buying a new electric kettle, choose one that has an automatic shut-off button and a heat-resistant handle. 6. Cut Standby Power "Standby Power is electrical power that a device consumes when not in present use, but plugged in to a source of power and ready to be used". In other words, "Standby Power" is the power consumed by appliances when they are turned off using a remote control and not from the 'Plug Point Switch'. This 'invisible' power consumption perhaps seems trivial but recent studies by the International Energy Agency (IEA) have established that an average household usually consumes up to 50 units of electricity (kWh) per month just due to appliances kept on 'Standby Mode'. An average 2-bedroom home for a family of 4 in India can consume approximately 300 to 400 units of electricity per month. The seemingly trivial 'Standby Power' would then be responsible for 12 to 14% of the footprint from electricity consumption! In short, one of the easiest ways to immediately reduce your carbon footprint is by learning to turn off the appliances from 'Plug Point Switch'. Cut the Standby power! 6. Reduced Ironing A domestic electric iron consumes approximately 800 Watts of power (equivalent to about 73 CFL Bulbs consuming 11 Watts each). A professional 'Dhobi' iron consumes in the vicinity of 1000 Watts. Based on approximately 10 minutes ironing time required per pair of clothes, calculations show that the annual carbon footprint resulting from ironing one pair of clothing every day is approximately 900 kg of CO2e, for a professional iron, and 724 kg of CO2e for a domestic iron. To put this is context, this equates to the footprint from driving a Maruti 800 for 6000 km's and 4500 km's for a dhobi and domestic iron, respectively. It is evident that reduction of clothing ironing is imperative for achieving sizeable reductions in carbon footprint. III. New Generation Technology - When buying New Appliances! 1. LED Bulbs CFL Bulbs represent the most popular energy saving lighting device used to dramatically cut carbon footprint. They belong to new age technology. But there is a technology, fast approaching and no longer just on the horizon, called Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting that provides even greater energy savings compared to CFL Bulbs. An LED Bulb consuming merely 6 Watts of power can emit the same light as a 11 Watt (+3 Watt Choke) CFL Bulb or a 60 Watt Regular Incandescent Bulb. This represents an energy saving of 90% compared to regular light bulbs and 75% compared to CFL Bulbs. Replacing 6 regular light bulbs, used 8 hours per day, can reduce carbon footprint by 1.4 tonnes CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 4000 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. Additionally, since these bulbs last approximately 40 times longer than regular bulbs and 6 times longer than CFL bulbs, their higher initial cost is recovered through fewer bulb purchases. And this is the least known, but very crucial, advantage of LED and other energy saving lighting technologies - they reduce the heat load that air conditioners must 'fight'. This is because more than 98% of the energy output of an Incandescent Bulb is wasted as heat energy, which warms the air in a room. By reducing the power supplied by 90% (by using LED bulbs), the quantity of heat generated in the room is also reduced proportionally. The end result is a significant savings in energy costs and carbon footprint from Air Conditioner use. A complete energy and cost savings calculation for transforming an entire household from destructive regular light bulb technology to life-saving LED lighting technology is available. CLICK HERE for a comprehensive LED Energy and Cost Savings Calculation. CLICK here for a website link to two Indian firms that provides LED based lighting solutions: 1) Lucifer Lights Pvt. Ltd. 2) Systems Creator 2. Motion Detectors (PIR Sensors) There are many spaces in household and residential building interiors that do not require continual lighting and cooling because people are just passing through such spaces (a good example is stairwell and compound lighting in buildings and fan/light operation in toilets and elevators in commercial and residential premises) the energy wasted in keeping such spaces continually lit/ temperature regulated, can be virtually eliminated by use of relatively inexpensive motion-detectors (Passive Infrared Sensors- PIR Sensors), that automatically switch-off fans, lights and any other devices that are not required to operate once all persons have vacated a certain space. The low cost of these devices equates to payback periods (i.e. the time span over which the cost of energy conserved equals the purchase cost of the implement) in the range of a few months. Incorporating PIR Sensor-control in 6 tube lights, used 12 hours per day (approximate usage in stairwell lighting applications), can reduce carbon footprint by 1.7 tonnes CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 4700 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. Click HERE for a detailed presentation of the energy and cost savings aspects of PIR Sensors that can significantly minimize your electricity footprint. One of the Indian firms providing these PIR Sensor based solutions is Aries Industries. A link to their website is presented HERE 3. Energy Star Rated Refrigerators An average 10 to 15 year old 2-door, 300 Liter, Frost-Free Refrigerator consumes in the vicinity of 120 Watts on average (calculated across on-off cycles). By comparison, a modern 5-Star rated refrigerator with identical characteristics consumes on average 50 Watts - an energy savings of approximately 60%. Replacing a 10-15 year old refrigerator with a 5-star rated equivalent can reduce carbon footprint by 0.9 tonnes CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 2600 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. CLICK to download the BEE's list of: 1) Frost Free Refrigerator Brands and Models with Energy Star Ratings: http://97.74.87.53:8090/beeLabel/protected/jsp/SearchOptions.jsp 2) Direct Cool (Single Door) Refrigerator Brands and Models with Energy Star Ratings: http://97.74.87.53:8090/beeLabel/protected/jsp/SearchOptions.jsp 1) 5-star rated Frost Free Refrigerators 2) 5-star rated Direct Cool Refrigerators 4. Energy Star Rated Air Conditioners An average non-energy star rated 1.5 Ton Window AC consumes in the vicinity of 2100 Watts on average (calculated across on-off cycles). By comparison, a modern 5-Star rated split unit AC of the same cooling capacity consumes on average 1700 Watts - an energy savings of approximately 20%. Replacing an old 1.5 Ton Window AC with a 5-star rated equivalent can reduce carbon footprint by 560 kg CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 1600 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. CLICK for the Bureau of Energy Efficiency's website link to AC Brands and Models with Energy Star Ratings: http://97.74.87.53:8090/beeLabel/protected/jsp/SearchOptions.jsp CLICK HERE to download the BEE's list of Energy Star Rated AC's. Note: Window AC's are not as energy efficient as Split Units and therefore do not achieve better than 3-star Energy Ratings. IV. Switching to Sustainable Energy Sources 1. Solar Water Heaters A household electric water heater system (storage type) consumes approximately 2000 Watts of power. Such a system, used for 90-minutes everyday (for a 4-person household) results in an annual footprint of 1.7 Tonnes of CO2e and an annual expense of Rs. 4,600 in electricity costs (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. Replacing conventional gas or electric based heating systems completely eliminates this component of your electricity footprint and provides substantial energy costs savings; in fact it eventually results in FREE Energy once the purchase and installation costs have been recovered through energy cost savings. Solar Water Heating technology has now achieved complete financial and technological viability in India it use is becoming widespread. State and Central Government Low-Interest-Rate loans have largely assuaged the financial burdens of installing such a system; energy savings calculations indicate that payback periods for installing such systems in cities with high electricity costs are in the vicinity of 2 to 3 years. CLICK here to download detailed sample calculations for energy cost savings from Solar Water Heating Systems. CLICK below for website links to a few established solar water heating solutions providers in India: 1) Technophile Industries 2) Aries Industries 3) Planet Powers 2. Wind Energy Wind energy based systems are now readily available in appropriate sizes for installation on building rooftops and other residential household use. It represents a well-established and proven technology for harnessing nature's renewable energy resources which has undergone a technological renaissance in recent years that have made such systems financially feasible for small scale applications. As wind energy systems (i.e. a windmill plus the energy storage devices such as invertors etc) harness energy from wind speed, they are ideal power generating solutions for non-sunny days when solar power generation potential is low. In combination with solar systems (called wind-solar systems) they are perfectly capable of providing a stable supply of power ranging from 500 Watts to 2.5 kW. With this amount of power, a residential building could easily operate staircase and compound lights as well as support a portion of the power needs of each dwelling unit for operating some fans and lights. CLICK here for a website link to an indigenous manufacturer and provider of Wind-energy based power solutions. 3. Solar Panels and Flexible Solar Films Solar energy can be converted directly to electricity. Conventionally, this is accomplished through Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) Panels. These are the rigid, rectangular shaped panels that are visible mounted on top of street-lights and traffic lights in some cities. Solar panels are available for residential installations through a multitude of manufacturers and distributors in India. Combined with a wind energy system, they for a complimentary set of a renewable source of reliable power supply - during sunny periods the solar panels would generate a bulk of the power while the wind system would provide power during cloudy and windy periods. Since solar energy is only available during the daytime, electricity generated is stored in a battery and made available to devices wired to it using an 'Inverter' that converts stored energy to an Alternating Current. Solar systems require the appliances to be run on it to be wired independently of the other circuits in the house (unless one desires to run all electricity consuming appliances to run on solar power - a possible but prohibitively expensive solution). Solar panel systems are ideal for powering lights and fans. By first minimizing the total power load (replacing conventional and CFL Bulbs with LED Lighting and replacing conventional fans with energy saving fans) the size of the required Solar panel can be reduced. This leads to maximum economy as the replacements costs less than the increased cost of a larger Solar panel. Further economy can be achieved by converting the wiring of the Solar-power run devices to Direct Current (DC) Wiring from the conventional Alternating Current (AC) wiring. This lowers the cost of the system as an 'Inverter' is no longer required and improves the efficiency of the system since the loss of power incurred due to the 'Inverter' is avoided. The approximate cost of a 2000 Watt-hour System (i.e. a system that can power 600 Watts worth of appliances for 4 hours or any combination of power (in Watts) and hours that when multiplied results in the number 2400) in Mumbai costs approximately Rs. 2 Lakh (if wiring is converted to a DC circuit). Such a system can power 12 Tubular Fluorescent Lights for 4 hours everyday. It would also reduce your carbon footprint by approximately 1.1 tonnes/year and yield savings of Rs. 3100 per year (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. CLICK below for website links to a few established solar power solutions providers in India: 1) Aries Industries Stand-alone Solar Lantern Besides wired systems for household appliances, most of the above manufacturers and distributors also provide stand-alone solar lanterns and lamps that can provide light for 4 to 5 hours after sundown. These can be used to substitute existing lamps and lights resulting in reduced carbon footprint along with electricity cost savings. Recently, big strides in solar panel manufacturing technology have precipitated a new generation of solar panels that are essentially like 'plastic' sheets which are flexible and can easily be applied over many different kinds of surfaces such as roofs, doors, outer walls of buildings etc. The technical term for them is Photovoltaic Laminates (PVL) or Thin-Film Solar Modules. The flexible nature of these panels addresses the greatest limitations of the existing crystalline solar panels - fragility, portability, and manufacturing costs. This technology is currently available only through a select few manufacturers. They are expected to dramatically alter the economics of solar power - making it significantly more affordable and closer to being cost-competitive compared to conventional sources of power than its predecessor. CLICK below for website links to a few established Photovoltaic Laminates (PVL) providers: 1) Uni-Solar 2) Nano Solar 3) HHV Solar Technologies Pvt. Ltd
I. Basic Interventions that are inexpensive! 1. CFL (Compact Fluorescent Light) Bulbs A Regular 60 Watt Light Bulb (Incandescent Bulb) can be replaced by an 11 Watt (+ 3 Watt Choke) CFL Bulb, without any compromise on lighting power. This translates to a 75% energy saving. While CFL bulbs have been a technology causing some concern due to their mercury content, recent innovation have lead to the creation of Eco-Friendly 'Green' CFL's which have a significantly reduced mercury content. An example of these eco-friendly Green CFL's, are those manufactured in India by Havells India Ltd.. CLICK HERE to download a sample catalog of energy saving low-mercury CFL bulbs. Replacing 6, 60 Watt Light Bulbs with 11 Watt CFL's, used 8 hours per day, can reduce carbon footprint by 1.2 tonnes CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 3400 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. Additionally, since these bulbs last approximately 6 times longer than (5 years at 3.3 hours per day usage) regular bulbs, their higher initial cost is recovered through fewer regular bulb purchases which burnout approximately every 10 months (at 3.3 hours per day usage). And this is the least known, but very crucial, advantage of CFL and other energy saving lighting technologies - they reduce the heat load that air conditioners must 'fight'. This is because more than 98% of the energy output of an Incandescent Bulb is wasted as heat energy, which warms the air in a room. By reducing the power supplied by 75% (by using CFL bulbs), the quantity of heat generated in the room is also reduced proportionally. The end result is a significant savings in energy costs and carbon footprint from Air Conditioner use. 2. Energy Saving Tube lights Usual fluorescent tube lights consume approximately 40 Watts of power plus another 20 Watts are consumed by the choke. Implementation of newer technologies has resulted in tube lights that consume 10% lesser power - 36 W. These energy-saving tube lights have been accorded a 5-star energy rating by India's Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). The Bureau of Energy Efficiency's website: http://97.74.87.53:8090/beeLabel/protected/jsp/SearchOptions.jsp lists the specific makes and models of these 36 W tube lights. CLICK HERE to download the BEE's list of 5-star rated tubelights. Replacing 6 regular tube lights with 5-star rated tube lights, used 8 hours per day, can reduce carbon footprint by 103 kg CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 300 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates, such as Mumbai. 3. Energy Saving Fans We use them for many hours every day, much more than lighting devices which are used only at night. Consequently energy saving technology has a magnified impact when applied to the realm of ceiling fan technology. It is therefore great news that ceiling fans have evolved tremendously in recent times. Bewilderingly however, not too many people are aware of these new types of fans. Hopefully, once you've read this - you too will become a Fan of this new technology and use it to cut your footprint. Energy savings fans use 33 % less power (less than 50 Watts) compared to conventional ceiling fans (75 Watts). Replacing 6 conventional ceiling fans with energy saving fans, used 16 hours per day, can reduce carbon footprint by 1.3 tonnes CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 3700 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. CLICK HERE to download the BEE's list of 5-Star Energy Rated Ceiling Fans. 4. Solar Heat-Reflecting Clear Window Films Most of the carbon footprint from air-conditioned residences and offices is the consequence of electricity consumption by cooling appliances. While installing more energy efficient air conditioners is an effective way to reduce this footprint, the footprint reduction can be greatly enhanced by reducing the quantity of incoming heat energy that the device has to 'fight'. The commonly used dark-tinted films applied on automobile windows, is an example of a relatively outmoded method of reducing incoming heat energy to minimize air-conditioning load. Reflective 'mirror-like' surfaces that reject solar energy also perform the same function. These solutions, while reducing heat load, do however have an adverse effect on the lighting requirements of the indoor areas they shield - they block visible light as much as they block heat energy from the sun. Recent innovations have resulted in the creation of films that reject upwards of 90% of infrared and UV rays (the primary agents of conveying solar heat into interiors of building) while permitting 70% of visible light to pass through. Such films are known as spectrally selective films. By comparison, heavy silver window films permit just 15 to 20% of visible light to pass through. As an added benefit, the UV-blocking property of these films leads to dramatic reduction in fading of upholstery, carpets and other soft-furnishing. Prolonging the life of these resource intensive and high cost products has notable indirect but tangible footprint benefits as well. The lower cost of incorporating this solution relative to the cost of replacing existing cooling devices elevates this alternative in the priority list of interventions; it ought to be implemented as a pre-requisite prior to any other capital intensive solutions. The pioneers in this realm are V-Kool International Pvt. Ltd. which has offices and operations in India. II. Basic interventions that don't involve any additional expenses 1. Air Conditioners 1.Reduced AC Use One night (8-hours) of air-conditioner use (1-ton AC suitable for a small sized room) results in approximately the same 'Carbon Footprint' as from driving an average Indian car for 85 kilometers. Reducing the use of these high-energy consuming appliances is indisputably the most effective means of reducing your footprint - even better than replacement with better technology 2. An AC uses 3 to 5 percent less energy for each degree set above 220C (71.50F); Setting the thermostat of your room air conditioner at 250C (770F) will therefore result in 10 to 15% energy and footprint savings without compromising comfort too much. 3. Using ceiling or room fans along with the AC allows you to set the thermostat higher because the air movement will cool the room. 4. Clean the air-conditioner filter every month. A dirty air filter reduces airflow and may damage the unit. Clean filters enable the unit to cool down quickly and use less energy. 5. Minimize use of the "outside air" option. Energy consumption for cooling the incoming outdoor air is significantly greater than energy required to re-circulate the already cooled indoor air. 6. A very important step: figuring out the right size as per the need. Oversized air conditioners cycle on and off more frequently. Also, they don't dehumidify as much, reducing comfort levels and causing users to set thermostat temperatures even lower. Result: higher electricity bills and larger footprint. CLICK here for an online calculator that helps determine the appropriate Air Conditioner size (Tons) for your need. 2. Refrigerators 1. Make sure that refrigerator is kept away from all sources of heat, including direct sunlight, radiators and appliances such as the oven, and cooking range. 2. When it's dark, place a lit flashlight inside the refrigerator and close the door. If light around the door is seen, the seals need to be replaced. Alternatively, use the following test: With the door open, place a paper so that half of it protrudes outside the frame. Then close the door. The paper should be held snugly. If paper slips out easily, replace the door seals. 3. Place the refrigerator so that there is sufficient space for continuous airflow around the refrigerator. Refrigerator motors and compressors generate heat, if the heat can't escape, the refrigerator's cooling system will work harder and use more energy. 4. Allow hot and warm foods to cool and cover them well before putting them in refrigerator; the Refrigerator will use less energy and condensation will be reduced. 5. When dust builds up on refrigerator's condenser coils, the motor works harder and uses more electricity. Clean the coils regularly to make sure that air can circulate freely. 6. For Manual Defrost (Direct Cool) Refrigerators, accumulation of ice reduces the cooling power by acting as unwanted insulation. Defrost freezer compartment regularly for a manual defrost refrigerator. 3. Computers & Printers 1. While purchasing a printer, select one with power management capabilities. Printers with automatic "power down" features can reduce electricity use by over 65% whilst idle. 2. Consider buying a laptop for your next computer upgrade. Laptops use upto 90% less energy compared to desktop computers. 3. Screen-savers cause your computers systems to keep running unnecessarily and are a waste of energy. Instead, set computers, monitors, and copiers to use sleep-mode when not in use - this helps cut energy cost and footprint by approximately 40%. 4.If your computer must be left on, turn off the monitor; this device alone uses more than half the system's energy. Consider this: you can laser print 800 pages with the energy wasted by leaving a computer monitor ON overnight. 5.It is a popular misconception that keeping computers 'ON', even when not in use, reduces system wear due to power-on and off operations. Wrong. Start-ups and shutdowns do not use any extra energy, nor are they hard on your computer components. In fact, shutting computers down when you are finished using them actually reduces system wear - and saves energy. A computer that runs 24 hours a day, for instance, uses more power than an energy-efficient Refrigerator. Turning on 'Power Management Feature' For a Windows? based PC - this can save up to 70% energy: 1. Press 'Start' 2. Go to 'Control Panel' 3. Select 'Power Options' or 'Power Management Options' 4. Set Monitor turn off time (15 mins recommended) System stand-by time (30 mins recommended) and other setting depending on your system. For Windows XP laptops: Choose 'Portable/ laptop and change the options under "running on batteries". For the ultimate battery life, for example, set "Turn off Monitor" to "After 2 Minutes" and "Turn off Hard Disk" to "After 5 Minutes". For Windows Vista laptops: Vista uses pre-set options called "Power Plans". The "Power Saver Plan" is a good start but you can also click "Change Plan Settings" and change "Turn off Display" to "2 minutes". For Apple Macs: Click the apple icon at the top left, then choose "System Preferences". In the "Hardware" section, click on "Energy Saver" icon change settings for both the "Power Adapter" and the "Battery" options by moving the slider under "put the computer to sleep when it is inactive for" and "put the display to sleep when the computer is inactive for" sliders. Tips on making your laptop battery last long Despite improved battery technologies and more energy efficient processors, bigger brighter screens drain battery power, as do hard disks and DVD drives. 1. Turn of wireless off when not in use - Wi-Fi connections drain power even when you are not connected to the internet. To turn the wireless off, look for a switch that turns the airport "OFF" on the side of your laptop. Alternately, there may be wireless icon on the task bar that you can (right) click on to bring up the instructions needed to enable or disable your wireless. 2. Adjust the brightness of your screen- the brighter your computer screen, the more energy is needed to back-light it. Make the screen as dim as you comfortable can. To do this - there may either be a function key command (e.g. Fn + 8), a single key command (e.g. F1, F2 on Mac), a physical control or buttons on the side of your computer to do this. Please check your computer's manual if you are not sure. 3. Do one thing at a time - keeping several programs open simultaneously uses the computer's processing power and also its virtual memory. Exit one program before switching to the next. 4. Hibernate (For Windows laptops) - a Windows laptop has two standby modes - 'Hibernate' and 'Suspend'. 'Suspend' restarts faster but uses more power. To switch to Hibernate in Windows XP, go to "Power Options" in control panel and click ''Hibernate' tab, then tick 'Enable Hibernation'. Click "OK" to finish. 5. Unplug USB devices - unplug any USB or PC card network adapters, memory keys that you are not using. 6. Eject CDs and DVDs if not using them - even if your computer is not using the CDs or DVDs in its drive, it checks them sporadically which wastes energy. 7. Close non-essential start-up programs - you might be surprised at how many programs launch on your computer the moment you boot up. While some of them show up on your screen, others run silently in the background. All such programs use energy, irrespective of whether you use them. If you are not sure what a particular start-up program does, do a search on it before disabling it. Disabling start-up programs on Windows: Click on "Start", then "Program". Find the "Startup" folder and open it. If you see anything you do not need, fight click and select "Delete". Disabling start-up programs on Apple Mac: Click on the Apple logo. Select "System Preferences". Click on the "Accounts" tab under "System" group. Click on click on "Login Items". Delete any start-ups that you do not need. 8. Quit non-essential services - desktop search applications, network tools and messaging application run in the background even when you are not using them. You can (right)click on their icons and select the relevant 'Exit' or "Switch Off' option. 4. Water Heater Reducing the temperature setting of a water heater from 60 degrees to 50 degrees C results in over 18% energy and footprint savings. 5. Microwave Ovens & Electric Kettles 1. Microwaves save energy by reducing cooking times. In fact, one can save up to 50 percent on your cooking energy costs by using a microwave oven instead of a regular oven, especially for small quantities of food. 2. Use an electric kettle to heat water. It's more energy efficient than using an electric cook top element and an open cooking-stove flame. 3. When buying a new electric kettle, choose one that has an automatic shut-off button and a heat-resistant handle. 6. Cut Standby Power "Standby Power is electrical power that a device consumes when not in present use, but plugged in to a source of power and ready to be used". In other words, "Standby Power" is the power consumed by appliances when they are turned off using a remote control and not from the 'Plug Point Switch'. This 'invisible' power consumption perhaps seems trivial but recent studies by the International Energy Agency (IEA) have established that an average household usually consumes up to 50 units of electricity (kWh) per month just due to appliances kept on 'Standby Mode'. An average 2-bedroom home for a family of 4 in India can consume approximately 300 to 400 units of electricity per month. The seemingly trivial 'Standby Power' would then be responsible for 12 to 14% of the footprint from electricity consumption! In short, one of the easiest ways to immediately reduce your carbon footprint is by learning to turn off the appliances from 'Plug Point Switch'. Cut the Standby power! 6. Reduced Ironing A domestic electric iron consumes approximately 800 Watts of power (equivalent to about 73 CFL Bulbs consuming 11 Watts each). A professional 'Dhobi' iron consumes in the vicinity of 1000 Watts. Based on approximately 10 minutes ironing time required per pair of clothes, calculations show that the annual carbon footprint resulting from ironing one pair of clothing every day is approximately 900 kg of CO2e, for a professional iron, and 724 kg of CO2e for a domestic iron. To put this is context, this equates to the footprint from driving a Maruti 800 for 6000 km's and 4500 km's for a dhobi and domestic iron, respectively. It is evident that reduction of clothing ironing is imperative for achieving sizeable reductions in carbon footprint. III. New Generation Technology - When buying New Appliances! 1. LED Bulbs CFL Bulbs represent the most popular energy saving lighting device used to dramatically cut carbon footprint. They belong to new age technology. But there is a technology, fast approaching and no longer just on the horizon, called Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting that provides even greater energy savings compared to CFL Bulbs. An LED Bulb consuming merely 6 Watts of power can emit the same light as a 11 Watt (+3 Watt Choke) CFL Bulb or a 60 Watt Regular Incandescent Bulb. This represents an energy saving of 90% compared to regular light bulbs and 75% compared to CFL Bulbs. Replacing 6 regular light bulbs, used 8 hours per day, can reduce carbon footprint by 1.4 tonnes CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 4000 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. Additionally, since these bulbs last approximately 40 times longer than regular bulbs and 6 times longer than CFL bulbs, their higher initial cost is recovered through fewer bulb purchases. And this is the least known, but very crucial, advantage of LED and other energy saving lighting technologies - they reduce the heat load that air conditioners must 'fight'. This is because more than 98% of the energy output of an Incandescent Bulb is wasted as heat energy, which warms the air in a room. By reducing the power supplied by 90% (by using LED bulbs), the quantity of heat generated in the room is also reduced proportionally. The end result is a significant savings in energy costs and carbon footprint from Air Conditioner use. A complete energy and cost savings calculation for transforming an entire household from destructive regular light bulb technology to life-saving LED lighting technology is available. CLICK HERE for a comprehensive LED Energy and Cost Savings Calculation. CLICK here for a website link to two Indian firms that provides LED based lighting solutions: 1) Lucifer Lights Pvt. Ltd. 2) Systems Creator 2. Motion Detectors (PIR Sensors) There are many spaces in household and residential building interiors that do not require continual lighting and cooling because people are just passing through such spaces (a good example is stairwell and compound lighting in buildings and fan/light operation in toilets and elevators in commercial and residential premises) the energy wasted in keeping such spaces continually lit/ temperature regulated, can be virtually eliminated by use of relatively inexpensive motion-detectors (Passive Infrared Sensors- PIR Sensors), that automatically switch-off fans, lights and any other devices that are not required to operate once all persons have vacated a certain space. The low cost of these devices equates to payback periods (i.e. the time span over which the cost of energy conserved equals the purchase cost of the implement) in the range of a few months. Incorporating PIR Sensor-control in 6 tube lights, used 12 hours per day (approximate usage in stairwell lighting applications), can reduce carbon footprint by 1.7 tonnes CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 4700 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. Click HERE for a detailed presentation of the energy and cost savings aspects of PIR Sensors that can significantly minimize your electricity footprint. One of the Indian firms providing these PIR Sensor based solutions is Aries Industries. A link to their website is presented HERE 3. Energy Star Rated Refrigerators An average 10 to 15 year old 2-door, 300 Liter, Frost-Free Refrigerator consumes in the vicinity of 120 Watts on average (calculated across on-off cycles). By comparison, a modern 5-Star rated refrigerator with identical characteristics consumes on average 50 Watts - an energy savings of approximately 60%. Replacing a 10-15 year old refrigerator with a 5-star rated equivalent can reduce carbon footprint by 0.9 tonnes CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 2600 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. CLICK to download the BEE's list of: 1) Frost Free Refrigerator Brands and Models with Energy Star Ratings: http://97.74.87.53:8090/beeLabel/protected/jsp/SearchOptions.jsp 2) Direct Cool (Single Door) Refrigerator Brands and Models with Energy Star Ratings: http://97.74.87.53:8090/beeLabel/protected/jsp/SearchOptions.jsp 1) 5-star rated Frost Free Refrigerators 2) 5-star rated Direct Cool Refrigerators 4. Energy Star Rated Air Conditioners An average non-energy star rated 1.5 Ton Window AC consumes in the vicinity of 2100 Watts on average (calculated across on-off cycles). By comparison, a modern 5-Star rated split unit AC of the same cooling capacity consumes on average 1700 Watts - an energy savings of approximately 20%. Replacing an old 1.5 Ton Window AC with a 5-star rated equivalent can reduce carbon footprint by 560 kg CO2e annually and save you at least Rs. 1600 per year on your electric bill (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. CLICK for the Bureau of Energy Efficiency's website link to AC Brands and Models with Energy Star Ratings: http://97.74.87.53:8090/beeLabel/protected/jsp/SearchOptions.jsp CLICK HERE to download the BEE's list of Energy Star Rated AC's. Note: Window AC's are not as energy efficient as Split Units and therefore do not achieve better than 3-star Energy Ratings. IV. Switching to Sustainable Energy Sources 1. Solar Water Heaters A household electric water heater system (storage type) consumes approximately 2000 Watts of power. Such a system, used for 90-minutes everyday (for a 4-person household) results in an annual footprint of 1.7 Tonnes of CO2e and an annual expense of Rs. 4,600 in electricity costs (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. Replacing conventional gas or electric based heating systems completely eliminates this component of your electricity footprint and provides substantial energy costs savings; in fact it eventually results in FREE Energy once the purchase and installation costs have been recovered through energy cost savings. Solar Water Heating technology has now achieved complete financial and technological viability in India it use is becoming widespread. State and Central Government Low-Interest-Rate loans have largely assuaged the financial burdens of installing such a system; energy savings calculations indicate that payback periods for installing such systems in cities with high electricity costs are in the vicinity of 2 to 3 years. CLICK here to download detailed sample calculations for energy cost savings from Solar Water Heating Systems. CLICK below for website links to a few established solar water heating solutions providers in India: 1) Technophile Industries 2) Aries Industries 3) Planet Powers 2. Wind Energy Wind energy based systems are now readily available in appropriate sizes for installation on building rooftops and other residential household use. It represents a well-established and proven technology for harnessing nature's renewable energy resources which has undergone a technological renaissance in recent years that have made such systems financially feasible for small scale applications. As wind energy systems (i.e. a windmill plus the energy storage devices such as invertors etc) harness energy from wind speed, they are ideal power generating solutions for non-sunny days when solar power generation potential is low. In combination with solar systems (called wind-solar systems) they are perfectly capable of providing a stable supply of power ranging from 500 Watts to 2.5 kW. With this amount of power, a residential building could easily operate staircase and compound lights as well as support a portion of the power needs of each dwelling unit for operating some fans and lights. CLICK here for a website link to an indigenous manufacturer and provider of Wind-energy based power solutions. 3. Solar Panels and Flexible Solar Films Solar energy can be converted directly to electricity. Conventionally, this is accomplished through Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) Panels. These are the rigid, rectangular shaped panels that are visible mounted on top of street-lights and traffic lights in some cities. Solar panels are available for residential installations through a multitude of manufacturers and distributors in India. Combined with a wind energy system, they for a complimentary set of a renewable source of reliable power supply - during sunny periods the solar panels would generate a bulk of the power while the wind system would provide power during cloudy and windy periods. Since solar energy is only available during the daytime, electricity generated is stored in a battery and made available to devices wired to it using an 'Inverter' that converts stored energy to an Alternating Current. Solar systems require the appliances to be run on it to be wired independently of the other circuits in the house (unless one desires to run all electricity consuming appliances to run on solar power - a possible but prohibitively expensive solution). Solar panel systems are ideal for powering lights and fans. By first minimizing the total power load (replacing conventional and CFL Bulbs with LED Lighting and replacing conventional fans with energy saving fans) the size of the required Solar panel can be reduced. This leads to maximum economy as the replacements costs less than the increased cost of a larger Solar panel. Further economy can be achieved by converting the wiring of the Solar-power run devices to Direct Current (DC) Wiring from the conventional Alternating Current (AC) wiring. This lowers the cost of the system as an 'Inverter' is no longer required and improves the efficiency of the system since the loss of power incurred due to the 'Inverter' is avoided. The approximate cost of a 2000 Watt-hour System (i.e. a system that can power 600 Watts worth of appliances for 4 hours or any combination of power (in Watts) and hours that when multiplied results in the number 2400) in Mumbai costs approximately Rs. 2 Lakh (if wiring is converted to a DC circuit). Such a system can power 12 Tubular Fluorescent Lights for 4 hours everyday. It would also reduce your carbon footprint by approximately 1.1 tonnes/year and yield savings of Rs. 3100 per year (based on all-India average electricity rates). Note: savings are approximately doubled in cities with higher electricity rates such as Mumbai. CLICK below for website links to a few established solar power solutions providers in India: 1) Aries Industries Stand-alone Solar Lantern Besides wired systems for household appliances, most of the above manufacturers and distributors also provide stand-alone solar lanterns and lamps that can provide light for 4 to 5 hours after sundown. These can be used to substitute existing lamps and lights resulting in reduced carbon footprint along with electricity cost savings. Recently, big strides in solar panel manufacturing technology have precipitated a new generation of solar panels that are essentially like 'plastic' sheets which are flexible and can easily be applied over many different kinds of surfaces such as roofs, doors, outer walls of buildings etc. The technical term for them is Photovoltaic Laminates (PVL) or Thin-Film Solar Modules. The flexible nature of these panels addresses the greatest limitations of the existing crystalline solar panels - fragility, portability, and manufacturing costs. This technology is currently available only through a select few manufacturers. They are expected to dramatically alter the economics of solar power - making it significantly more affordable and closer to being cost-competitive compared to conventional sources of power than its predecessor. CLICK below for website links to a few established Photovoltaic Laminates (PVL) providers: 1) Uni-Solar 2) Nano Solar 3) HHV Solar Technologies Pvt. Ltd
hydro
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Hydropower
How much is the world’s electricity supplied by Hydroelectric Power Plants?
What are the major components of a Hydroelectric Power Plant?
What is the classification of Hydro Projects based on Installed Capacity?
What are the different types of turbines used in Hydroelectric Power Plants?
How energy is generated in Hydroelectric Power Plant?
Which is the largest Hydropower station in the world?
Which is the largest under ground Hydro Power Project in India?
How does cost of generation from Hydropower Plant compare with other sources of electricity?
Why hydropower is called renewable source of energy?
Which is the oldest Hydropower Plant in India?
What is the estimated total Hydropower potential of India?
How much of the total Hydro power potential has been exploited so far in India?
What are the different types of dams?
Why the unit sizes of hydro generating machines are not standardized as in case of thermal power plants?
What are the different types of Hydro Schemes?
Why Hydropower stations are preferred solution for meeting peak loads in grids?
What is the project Cost and how it is funded?.
What are the main sources of Debt and Equity?
What is the standard debt equity ration for financing a hydropower project?
What are the benefits of hydropower projects?
What is the capacity of the Hydro Power Station being operated by SJVN?
What is the present tariff of Power being generated from Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS)?
What is the completion cost of Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS)?
What is the cost of RHEP?
What is the estimated levellised tariff of the power to the generated from RHEP?
When will the RHEP is expected to generate power?
From where the loan is being arranged for meeting the debt portion of RHEP?
Whether all statutory clearances have been obtained for RHEP?
What are the benefits from Rampur Hydro Electric Project and who are the beneficiaries?
Whether environment impact of setting up of RHEP has been assessed and what is likely amount to be spent on environment management?
What about R&R plan of RHEP and the amount likely to be spent on the same?
What are the definitions of the searchable field and other data in the details page
How much is the world’s electricity supplied by Hydroelectric Power Plants?
± 2700 TWH is generated every year. Hydropower supplies at least 50% of electricity production in 66 countries and at least 90% in 24 countries.
What are the major components of a Hydroelectric Power Plant?
The major components of a Hydroelectric Power Plant are:
Dam/Barrage
Head works i.e. power intake, head regulator and desilting chambers etc.
Head race tunnels/channels
Surge shaft/surge chambers
Pressure shaft/Penstock
Underground and surface power house
Tailrace channel or tailrace tunnel.
What is the classification of Hydro Projects based on Installed Capacity?
Micro: upto 100 KW
Mini: 101KW to 2 MW
Small: 2 MW to 25 MW
Mega: Hydro projects with installed capacity >= 500 MW
Thermal Projects with installed capacity >=1500 MW
What are the different types of turbines used in Hydroelectric Power Plants?
There are basically five types of turbines used in hydro power plants:
1. Pelton turbines - It is impulse turbine which is normally used for more than 250 m of water head.
2. Francis - This is a reaction turbine which is used for head varying between 2.5m to 450m
3. Kaplan – It is propeller type of plant with adjustable blades which are used for heads varying between 1.5 m to 70 m
4. Propeller – It is used for head between 1.5 to 30 m
5. Tubular – This is used for low and medium height projects. Normally for head less than 15 m.
How energy is generated in Hydroelectric Power Plant?
A hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river to create a reservoir, and a station where the process of energy conversion to electricity takes place.
The first step in the generation of energy in a hydropower plant is the collection of run-off of seasonal rain and snow in lakes, streams and rivers, during the hydrological cycle. The run-off flows to dams downstream. The water falls through a dam, into the hydropower plant and turns a large wheel called a turbine. The turbine converts the energy of falling water into mechanical energy to drive the generator which in turn produces electric power. After this process has taken place electricity is transferred to the communities through transmission lines and the water is released back into the lakes, streams or rivers. This is entirely not harmful, because no pollutants are added to the water while it flows through the hydropower plant.
Which is the largest Hydropower station in the world?
Three gorges project in China on Yangtez river is the largest power station in the world having installed capacity of around 18,200 MW.
Which is the largest under ground Hydro Power Project in India?
Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station having installed capacity of 1500 MW.
How does cost of generation from Hydropower Plant compare with other sources of electricity?
The hydro power generation is highly capital-intensive mode of electricity generation but being renewable source of energy with no consumables involved; there is very little recurring cost and hence no high long term expenditure. It is cheaper as compared to electricity generated from coal and gas fired plants. It also reduces the financial losses due to frequency fluctuations and it is more reliable and inflation free.
Why hydropower is called renewable source of energy?
Hydropower is called renewable source of energy because it uses and not consumes the water for generation of electricity, and the hydropower leaves this vital resource available for other uses.
Which is the oldest Hydropower Plant in India?
The oldest Hydropower power plant is in Darjeeling District in West Bengal. It’s installed capacity is 130KW and was commissioned in the year 1897.
What is the estimated total Hydropower potential of India?
The hydro power potential of India is around 1,48,701 MW and at 60% load factor, it can meet the demand of around 84,000 MW.
How much of the total Hydro power potential has been exploited so far in India?
Around 19.9% of Hydropower potential has been exploited in India.
What are the different types of dams?
Different types of dams are conventional concrete dam, Roller compacted concrete dam, rock fill dam, Concrete Faced Rock fill Dam(CFRD), Earth fill dam, arch dam, barrages etc.
Why the unit sizes of hydro generating machines are not standardized as in case of thermal power plants?
Since the size of hydro generating machines are based on availability of water in river and the water head available at a particular project site, the size of the machines keeps varying from location to location and river to river. The sizes are also based on logistics and variation of water in river during the year.
What are the different types of Hydro Schemes?
Different types of Hydro Schemes are :
Purely Run - of - River Power Station.
Storage type Power Station.
Run – of – River Stations with Pondage.
Why Hydropower stations are preferred solution for meeting peak loads in grids?
Due to its unique capabilities of quick starting and closing, hydropower stations are found to be economical choice to meet peak load in the grid.
What is the project Cost and how it is funded?.
Total capital expenditure incurred for commissioning of a project is project cost and it is mainly funded by the equity and loan.
What are the main sources of Debt and Equity?
Generally main source of Debt is loan from Domestic Financial Institutions and multilateral funding institutions like World Bank, Consortium of Foreign Commercial Banks etc. Equity is generally raised through budgetary support of Government, IPOs and internal accruals of existing power generating companies.
What is the standard debt equity ration for financing a hydropower project?
Standard Debt Equity Ratio is 70:30
What are the benefits of hydropower projects?
Hydropower is a renewable, economic, non polluting and environmentally benign source of energy. It saves scarce fossil fuel resources of the country, which are non renewable. Hydropower projects have certain distinctive advantages over other sources of electricity generation, as discussed below:
a) Technical Benefits
Hydropower projects are known to have much longer life and provide cheaper electricity as there is no fuel cost and as the recurring cost involved in generation, operation and maintenance is lower than that in case of other sources of energy.
b) Environmental Benefits
Uses Renewable and pollution free source of Energy i.e water
Increase in Agriculture Productivity through development of irrigation and multipurpose schemes, having generation of electricity as one of the objectives, wherever possible and feasible.
Avoided Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from equivalent thermal and other fuel based power projects.
Involve large scale afforestation activities under various schemes like Compensatory Afforestation, Catchment Area Treatment, Green Belt Development, Voluntary Afforestation etc. which ultimately improves the environmental quality of the project area.
Flood Mitigation through large storage dams.
Source of Drinking Water
c) Social Benefits
Hydro projects are a boon to the society and the population at and around the projects. With enhanced employment opportunities, increased earnings, enriched life style and improved standard of living, the people in these localities experience an economic and social upliftment. Reservoir area is an ideal place for recreation and source of eco-tourism promotion in the area. The reservoirs are also used for promoting pisciculture. There are other direct benefits accruing from hydro projects and dams such as increased water for improved irrigation, and drinking water to villages and people living in and around the project area.
What is the capacity of the Hydro Power Station being operated by SJVN?
SJVN is operating Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS) which is the first project executed by SJVN having installed capacity of 1500MW with design energy of 6950MU per annum.
What is the present tariff of Power being generated from Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS)?
CERC has fixed the provisional tariff of Rs. 2.35 per unit.
What is the completion cost of Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS)?
The approved completion cost of Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS) is Rs. 8187.713 crores.
What is the cost of RHEP?
2047.03 crores at March 2006 price level.
What is the estimated levellised tariff of the power to the generated from RHEP?
RHEP is expected to generate 1770MU of power during a year with a estimated levellised tariff of Rs. 1.80 per unit.
When will the RHEP is expected to generate power?
By February 2012.
From where the loan is being arranged for meeting the debt portion of RHEP?
The entire loan component for RHEP is being raised through World Bank
Whether all statutory clearances have been obtained for RHEP?
All statutory clearances including Forest and Environment clearance have been obtained.
What are the benefits from Rampur Hydro Electric Project and who are the beneficiaries?
The people of the state of Himachal Pradesh will benefit as a whole from the Project, because royalty of 12 percent of the total electricity generated from the project(at an estimated value of U$12 million per year) will be passed on to the Government pf Hiamchal Pradesh. In addition, in recognition of its investment in the project, the state of Himachal Pradesh will receive an additional allocation of around 109 MW of power and will also receive dividends from the project. The state will also be entitled to a share in the remainder of the power generated from the project.
As much as 1,770 million units of electricity from this Project will be fed annually into the Indian power system-through the Northern Region Electricity grid – where it will improve the quality of electrical supply to existing consumers, especially at peak times, and also benefit farmers and other consumers in the northern Indian states who currently have either no access or constrained access to electricity.
The Project will also have significant environmental benefits. If a coal or oil-fired thermal plant of the same capacity were to be built of the Rampur hydropower project, the emission of greenhouse gases would add about 12,000 tons of Sulphur oxides (Sox), 6000 tons of Nitrogen oxides (NOx), and about 2 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year. By building and operating the Rampur Hydropower Project, the citizens of India will avoid this pollution.
Whether environment impact of setting up of RHEP has been assessed and what is likely amount to be spent on environment management?
The environment impact has been assessed and the adverse impact will be mitigated in collaboration with the works of state level environment agencies. As a part of the project, SJVN will provide funds to improve forest cover and treat catchment areas to reduce soil erosion from the flood impacts. An amount of Rs 388.26 millions shall be spent on environment.
What about R&R plan of RHEP and the amount likely to be spent on the same?
The Project’s R& R plan has been prepared after careful and continued consultations with the Project Affected People and is now being implemented. It can be assessed on the Public Information Center set up at the project site in village Bael, Public Liabraries at Rampur, Shimla and from the World Bank’s infoshop.
The rehabilitation package for the displaced person is as per Resettlement and Rehabilitation Scheme for Project Affected Families (PAFs) as has been agreed between SJVNL and GOHP, which includes besides other normal provisions, the innovative Income Generation Scheme and Technical Education Scheme for local youths and free medical check up and medicine dispensation to the villagers adjoining the project area through mobile health van. The financial assistance up to a maximum of Rs. 30.000/- shall be given to each family for the activities like dairy farming, bee keeping, poultry farming, cottage units and handicrafts etc. Under Technical Education Scheme (TES) for PAFs and local youths, every year 35 students shall be sponsored for ITI courses with a scholarship of Rs. 700 per month. Director (Technical-Education) GOHP has already allocated/earmarked 30-40 seats in various ITIs of State for sponsoring youths under Technical Education Scheme. An amount of Rs. 1255.00 millions shall be spent on R&R of RHEP.
What are the definitions of the searchable field and other data in the details page
NJHPS
Nathpa Jhakri Hydor-Power Station
RHEP
Rampur Hydro-Electric Project
LHEP
Luhri Hydro-Electric Project
KHEP
Khab Hydro-Electric Project
DHEP
Devsari Hydro-Electric Project
JSHEP
Jakhol Sankri Hydro-Electric Project
NMHEP
Naitwar Mori Hydro-Electric Project
PAFs
Project Affected Families
PPA
Power Purchase Agreement
CERC
Central Electricty Regulatry Comission
GOI
Govt. of India
GOHP
Govt. Of Himachal Pradesh
R&R
Resettlement & Rehabilitation
How much is the world’s electricity supplied by Hydroelectric Power Plants?
What are the major components of a Hydroelectric Power Plant?
What is the classification of Hydro Projects based on Installed Capacity?
What are the different types of turbines used in Hydroelectric Power Plants?
How energy is generated in Hydroelectric Power Plant?
Which is the largest Hydropower station in the world?
Which is the largest under ground Hydro Power Project in India?
How does cost of generation from Hydropower Plant compare with other sources of electricity?
Why hydropower is called renewable source of energy?
Which is the oldest Hydropower Plant in India?
What is the estimated total Hydropower potential of India?
How much of the total Hydro power potential has been exploited so far in India?
What are the different types of dams?
Why the unit sizes of hydro generating machines are not standardized as in case of thermal power plants?
What are the different types of Hydro Schemes?
Why Hydropower stations are preferred solution for meeting peak loads in grids?
What is the project Cost and how it is funded?.
What are the main sources of Debt and Equity?
What is the standard debt equity ration for financing a hydropower project?
What are the benefits of hydropower projects?
What is the capacity of the Hydro Power Station being operated by SJVN?
What is the present tariff of Power being generated from Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS)?
What is the completion cost of Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS)?
What is the cost of RHEP?
What is the estimated levellised tariff of the power to the generated from RHEP?
When will the RHEP is expected to generate power?
From where the loan is being arranged for meeting the debt portion of RHEP?
Whether all statutory clearances have been obtained for RHEP?
What are the benefits from Rampur Hydro Electric Project and who are the beneficiaries?
Whether environment impact of setting up of RHEP has been assessed and what is likely amount to be spent on environment management?
What about R&R plan of RHEP and the amount likely to be spent on the same?
What are the definitions of the searchable field and other data in the details page
How much is the world’s electricity supplied by Hydroelectric Power Plants?
± 2700 TWH is generated every year. Hydropower supplies at least 50% of electricity production in 66 countries and at least 90% in 24 countries.
What are the major components of a Hydroelectric Power Plant?
The major components of a Hydroelectric Power Plant are:
Dam/Barrage
Head works i.e. power intake, head regulator and desilting chambers etc.
Head race tunnels/channels
Surge shaft/surge chambers
Pressure shaft/Penstock
Underground and surface power house
Tailrace channel or tailrace tunnel.
What is the classification of Hydro Projects based on Installed Capacity?
Micro: upto 100 KW
Mini: 101KW to 2 MW
Small: 2 MW to 25 MW
Mega: Hydro projects with installed capacity >= 500 MW
Thermal Projects with installed capacity >=1500 MW
What are the different types of turbines used in Hydroelectric Power Plants?
There are basically five types of turbines used in hydro power plants:
1. Pelton turbines - It is impulse turbine which is normally used for more than 250 m of water head.
2. Francis - This is a reaction turbine which is used for head varying between 2.5m to 450m
3. Kaplan – It is propeller type of plant with adjustable blades which are used for heads varying between 1.5 m to 70 m
4. Propeller – It is used for head between 1.5 to 30 m
5. Tubular – This is used for low and medium height projects. Normally for head less than 15 m.
How energy is generated in Hydroelectric Power Plant?
A hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river to create a reservoir, and a station where the process of energy conversion to electricity takes place.
The first step in the generation of energy in a hydropower plant is the collection of run-off of seasonal rain and snow in lakes, streams and rivers, during the hydrological cycle. The run-off flows to dams downstream. The water falls through a dam, into the hydropower plant and turns a large wheel called a turbine. The turbine converts the energy of falling water into mechanical energy to drive the generator which in turn produces electric power. After this process has taken place electricity is transferred to the communities through transmission lines and the water is released back into the lakes, streams or rivers. This is entirely not harmful, because no pollutants are added to the water while it flows through the hydropower plant.
Which is the largest Hydropower station in the world?
Three gorges project in China on Yangtez river is the largest power station in the world having installed capacity of around 18,200 MW.
Which is the largest under ground Hydro Power Project in India?
Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station having installed capacity of 1500 MW.
How does cost of generation from Hydropower Plant compare with other sources of electricity?
The hydro power generation is highly capital-intensive mode of electricity generation but being renewable source of energy with no consumables involved; there is very little recurring cost and hence no high long term expenditure. It is cheaper as compared to electricity generated from coal and gas fired plants. It also reduces the financial losses due to frequency fluctuations and it is more reliable and inflation free.
Why hydropower is called renewable source of energy?
Hydropower is called renewable source of energy because it uses and not consumes the water for generation of electricity, and the hydropower leaves this vital resource available for other uses.
Which is the oldest Hydropower Plant in India?
The oldest Hydropower power plant is in Darjeeling District in West Bengal. It’s installed capacity is 130KW and was commissioned in the year 1897.
What is the estimated total Hydropower potential of India?
The hydro power potential of India is around 1,48,701 MW and at 60% load factor, it can meet the demand of around 84,000 MW.
How much of the total Hydro power potential has been exploited so far in India?
Around 19.9% of Hydropower potential has been exploited in India.
What are the different types of dams?
Different types of dams are conventional concrete dam, Roller compacted concrete dam, rock fill dam, Concrete Faced Rock fill Dam(CFRD), Earth fill dam, arch dam, barrages etc.
Why the unit sizes of hydro generating machines are not standardized as in case of thermal power plants?
Since the size of hydro generating machines are based on availability of water in river and the water head available at a particular project site, the size of the machines keeps varying from location to location and river to river. The sizes are also based on logistics and variation of water in river during the year.
What are the different types of Hydro Schemes?
Different types of Hydro Schemes are :
Purely Run - of - River Power Station.
Storage type Power Station.
Run – of – River Stations with Pondage.
Why Hydropower stations are preferred solution for meeting peak loads in grids?
Due to its unique capabilities of quick starting and closing, hydropower stations are found to be economical choice to meet peak load in the grid.
What is the project Cost and how it is funded?.
Total capital expenditure incurred for commissioning of a project is project cost and it is mainly funded by the equity and loan.
What are the main sources of Debt and Equity?
Generally main source of Debt is loan from Domestic Financial Institutions and multilateral funding institutions like World Bank, Consortium of Foreign Commercial Banks etc. Equity is generally raised through budgetary support of Government, IPOs and internal accruals of existing power generating companies.
What is the standard debt equity ration for financing a hydropower project?
Standard Debt Equity Ratio is 70:30
What are the benefits of hydropower projects?
Hydropower is a renewable, economic, non polluting and environmentally benign source of energy. It saves scarce fossil fuel resources of the country, which are non renewable. Hydropower projects have certain distinctive advantages over other sources of electricity generation, as discussed below:
a) Technical Benefits
Hydropower projects are known to have much longer life and provide cheaper electricity as there is no fuel cost and as the recurring cost involved in generation, operation and maintenance is lower than that in case of other sources of energy.
b) Environmental Benefits
Uses Renewable and pollution free source of Energy i.e water
Increase in Agriculture Productivity through development of irrigation and multipurpose schemes, having generation of electricity as one of the objectives, wherever possible and feasible.
Avoided Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from equivalent thermal and other fuel based power projects.
Involve large scale afforestation activities under various schemes like Compensatory Afforestation, Catchment Area Treatment, Green Belt Development, Voluntary Afforestation etc. which ultimately improves the environmental quality of the project area.
Flood Mitigation through large storage dams.
Source of Drinking Water
c) Social Benefits
Hydro projects are a boon to the society and the population at and around the projects. With enhanced employment opportunities, increased earnings, enriched life style and improved standard of living, the people in these localities experience an economic and social upliftment. Reservoir area is an ideal place for recreation and source of eco-tourism promotion in the area. The reservoirs are also used for promoting pisciculture. There are other direct benefits accruing from hydro projects and dams such as increased water for improved irrigation, and drinking water to villages and people living in and around the project area.
What is the capacity of the Hydro Power Station being operated by SJVN?
SJVN is operating Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS) which is the first project executed by SJVN having installed capacity of 1500MW with design energy of 6950MU per annum.
What is the present tariff of Power being generated from Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS)?
CERC has fixed the provisional tariff of Rs. 2.35 per unit.
What is the completion cost of Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS)?
The approved completion cost of Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS) is Rs. 8187.713 crores.
What is the cost of RHEP?
2047.03 crores at March 2006 price level.
What is the estimated levellised tariff of the power to the generated from RHEP?
RHEP is expected to generate 1770MU of power during a year with a estimated levellised tariff of Rs. 1.80 per unit.
When will the RHEP is expected to generate power?
By February 2012.
From where the loan is being arranged for meeting the debt portion of RHEP?
The entire loan component for RHEP is being raised through World Bank
Whether all statutory clearances have been obtained for RHEP?
All statutory clearances including Forest and Environment clearance have been obtained.
What are the benefits from Rampur Hydro Electric Project and who are the beneficiaries?
The people of the state of Himachal Pradesh will benefit as a whole from the Project, because royalty of 12 percent of the total electricity generated from the project(at an estimated value of U$12 million per year) will be passed on to the Government pf Hiamchal Pradesh. In addition, in recognition of its investment in the project, the state of Himachal Pradesh will receive an additional allocation of around 109 MW of power and will also receive dividends from the project. The state will also be entitled to a share in the remainder of the power generated from the project.
As much as 1,770 million units of electricity from this Project will be fed annually into the Indian power system-through the Northern Region Electricity grid – where it will improve the quality of electrical supply to existing consumers, especially at peak times, and also benefit farmers and other consumers in the northern Indian states who currently have either no access or constrained access to electricity.
The Project will also have significant environmental benefits. If a coal or oil-fired thermal plant of the same capacity were to be built of the Rampur hydropower project, the emission of greenhouse gases would add about 12,000 tons of Sulphur oxides (Sox), 6000 tons of Nitrogen oxides (NOx), and about 2 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year. By building and operating the Rampur Hydropower Project, the citizens of India will avoid this pollution.
Whether environment impact of setting up of RHEP has been assessed and what is likely amount to be spent on environment management?
The environment impact has been assessed and the adverse impact will be mitigated in collaboration with the works of state level environment agencies. As a part of the project, SJVN will provide funds to improve forest cover and treat catchment areas to reduce soil erosion from the flood impacts. An amount of Rs 388.26 millions shall be spent on environment.
What about R&R plan of RHEP and the amount likely to be spent on the same?
The Project’s R& R plan has been prepared after careful and continued consultations with the Project Affected People and is now being implemented. It can be assessed on the Public Information Center set up at the project site in village Bael, Public Liabraries at Rampur, Shimla and from the World Bank’s infoshop.
The rehabilitation package for the displaced person is as per Resettlement and Rehabilitation Scheme for Project Affected Families (PAFs) as has been agreed between SJVNL and GOHP, which includes besides other normal provisions, the innovative Income Generation Scheme and Technical Education Scheme for local youths and free medical check up and medicine dispensation to the villagers adjoining the project area through mobile health van. The financial assistance up to a maximum of Rs. 30.000/- shall be given to each family for the activities like dairy farming, bee keeping, poultry farming, cottage units and handicrafts etc. Under Technical Education Scheme (TES) for PAFs and local youths, every year 35 students shall be sponsored for ITI courses with a scholarship of Rs. 700 per month. Director (Technical-Education) GOHP has already allocated/earmarked 30-40 seats in various ITIs of State for sponsoring youths under Technical Education Scheme. An amount of Rs. 1255.00 millions shall be spent on R&R of RHEP.
What are the definitions of the searchable field and other data in the details page
NJHPS
Nathpa Jhakri Hydor-Power Station
RHEP
Rampur Hydro-Electric Project
LHEP
Luhri Hydro-Electric Project
KHEP
Khab Hydro-Electric Project
DHEP
Devsari Hydro-Electric Project
JSHEP
Jakhol Sankri Hydro-Electric Project
NMHEP
Naitwar Mori Hydro-Electric Project
PAFs
Project Affected Families
PPA
Power Purchase Agreement
CERC
Central Electricty Regulatry Comission
GOI
Govt. of India
GOHP
Govt. Of Himachal Pradesh
R&R
Resettlement & Rehabilitation
reneables
About Photovoltaics
What is Photovoltaics?
Photovoltaics Technology is the process of generating electricity from a light source. Certain materials have a property called the `photoelectric effect’. This effect enables them to absorb photons of light and convert it into electrons. These free electrons when captured at a single source point, or cell, produce electricity.
[ TOP ]
What are Photovoltaic Cells?
A photovoltaic cell is a specialized semiconductor diode that converts visible light into direct current. This electricity can then be used to power electrical equipment such as televisions, lights, stereo systems ets, just like the electricity from a power point. Photovoltaic cells come in many sizes, but most are 10 cm by 10 cm and generate about half a volt of electricity.
[ TOP ]
What are Photovoltaic Modules?
Photovoltaic Modules are created when a large number of solar cells are connected together electrically and mounted on a frame or platform. PV modules can be used to generate and supply electricity at certain voltages – a 12 volt system being the most common.
[ TOP ]
What are Photovoltaic Arrays?
A number of photovoltaic modules are connected together in an array to generate higher electricity loads. This is called a PV Array. The amount of electricity produced is directly related to the area of modules and arrays. The higher area, the higher the amount of electricity produced.
[ TOP ]
Is Today's PV Safe to Make and Use?
Yes. Photovoltaics are safe with far fewer risks and environmental impacts than conventional sources of energy. PV produces no pollutants during operation, making it a preferred option for offsetting emissions that result from fossil fuel use. In fact, an EPA study (Demonstrating Pollution Reduction Capability of Photovoltaic Systems) showed that 1 kW of PV could offset between 600 and 2300 kg of CO2 per year, as well as substantial amounts of other pollutants.
[ TOP ]
How are Solar Cells priced?
All solar panels are priced per watt of energy produced. According to The Information Network a 20MW amorphous silicon plant in the U.S. can cost $60 million in equipment. In addition, there is an annual investment of $40 million in yearly expenses. The cost of ownership is as high as $2.50 to $3.00 per watt.
According to the same source, U.S.-made amorphous silicon panels cost about $2 wholesale. Cadmium telluride costs $1.40 per watt to produce; CIGS panels, about $2.10. Factor in marketing and distribution costs and “finished” U.S. made thin-solar panels are easily $3.50 per watt.
About India
What is India’s role in the Renewable energy sector?
India is the only country in the entire world to have a separate ministry for renewable energy source. India is one of the few countries to have recognised the power of renewable energy sources. In fact, in India, the potential of renewable energy sources was first recognised as early as the 1970s. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources came into existence in 1992.
[ TOP ]
What are the incentives provided for PV manufacturing in India?
The government’s special incentive package for semiconductor manufacturing announced in February is touted to be an investor friendly by many experts. As per the policy, the Government would give financial incentives up to 20 and 25 per cent of the project cost in a SEZ and non-SEZ. Learn More
[ TOP ]
What does India have to offer in PV Research and Development Arena?
India is quickly moving up the value chain by becoming a global R&D hub providing cutting-edge research and development. It is estimated that 225 Fortune 500 companies have R&D facilities in India. They are attracted by the rich intellectual resource base, steady growth of the economy and strong capital markets, essential for innovation. The R&D activities in India have been escalated due to the change in the government attitude and approaches. In the recent years, Indian Government has devised various innovative and investor friendly policies to promote the country's economic development.
About OnePV
Where is OnePV located?
OnePV is located in Bangalore, India – the knowledge process outsourcing and contract manufacturing destination-of-choice for global companies. India offers a lenient regulatory environment, low cost labour and excellent infrastructure for manufacturing and corporate business.
[ TOP ]
What services does OnePV offer?
R&D Facility: If you are planning to set-up a R&D facility in India, OnePV can help you there as well. You can also opt for a Joint Venture with OnePV for long-term prospects.
Photovoltaics consultancy: We also offer Consulting and Advisory Services for all Aspects of the Photovoltaic Solar Electric Industry.
Contract manufacturing: OnePV offers contract manufacturing with a buy-back arrangement with global companies that wish to use India’s low-cost and reliable resources to manufacture their PV products.
What is Photovoltaics?
Photovoltaics Technology is the process of generating electricity from a light source. Certain materials have a property called the `photoelectric effect’. This effect enables them to absorb photons of light and convert it into electrons. These free electrons when captured at a single source point, or cell, produce electricity.
[ TOP ]
What are Photovoltaic Cells?
A photovoltaic cell is a specialized semiconductor diode that converts visible light into direct current. This electricity can then be used to power electrical equipment such as televisions, lights, stereo systems ets, just like the electricity from a power point. Photovoltaic cells come in many sizes, but most are 10 cm by 10 cm and generate about half a volt of electricity.
[ TOP ]
What are Photovoltaic Modules?
Photovoltaic Modules are created when a large number of solar cells are connected together electrically and mounted on a frame or platform. PV modules can be used to generate and supply electricity at certain voltages – a 12 volt system being the most common.
[ TOP ]
What are Photovoltaic Arrays?
A number of photovoltaic modules are connected together in an array to generate higher electricity loads. This is called a PV Array. The amount of electricity produced is directly related to the area of modules and arrays. The higher area, the higher the amount of electricity produced.
[ TOP ]
Is Today's PV Safe to Make and Use?
Yes. Photovoltaics are safe with far fewer risks and environmental impacts than conventional sources of energy. PV produces no pollutants during operation, making it a preferred option for offsetting emissions that result from fossil fuel use. In fact, an EPA study (Demonstrating Pollution Reduction Capability of Photovoltaic Systems) showed that 1 kW of PV could offset between 600 and 2300 kg of CO2 per year, as well as substantial amounts of other pollutants.
[ TOP ]
How are Solar Cells priced?
All solar panels are priced per watt of energy produced. According to The Information Network a 20MW amorphous silicon plant in the U.S. can cost $60 million in equipment. In addition, there is an annual investment of $40 million in yearly expenses. The cost of ownership is as high as $2.50 to $3.00 per watt.
According to the same source, U.S.-made amorphous silicon panels cost about $2 wholesale. Cadmium telluride costs $1.40 per watt to produce; CIGS panels, about $2.10. Factor in marketing and distribution costs and “finished” U.S. made thin-solar panels are easily $3.50 per watt.
About India
What is India’s role in the Renewable energy sector?
India is the only country in the entire world to have a separate ministry for renewable energy source. India is one of the few countries to have recognised the power of renewable energy sources. In fact, in India, the potential of renewable energy sources was first recognised as early as the 1970s. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources came into existence in 1992.
[ TOP ]
What are the incentives provided for PV manufacturing in India?
The government’s special incentive package for semiconductor manufacturing announced in February is touted to be an investor friendly by many experts. As per the policy, the Government would give financial incentives up to 20 and 25 per cent of the project cost in a SEZ and non-SEZ. Learn More
[ TOP ]
What does India have to offer in PV Research and Development Arena?
India is quickly moving up the value chain by becoming a global R&D hub providing cutting-edge research and development. It is estimated that 225 Fortune 500 companies have R&D facilities in India. They are attracted by the rich intellectual resource base, steady growth of the economy and strong capital markets, essential for innovation. The R&D activities in India have been escalated due to the change in the government attitude and approaches. In the recent years, Indian Government has devised various innovative and investor friendly policies to promote the country's economic development.
About OnePV
Where is OnePV located?
OnePV is located in Bangalore, India – the knowledge process outsourcing and contract manufacturing destination-of-choice for global companies. India offers a lenient regulatory environment, low cost labour and excellent infrastructure for manufacturing and corporate business.
[ TOP ]
What services does OnePV offer?
R&D Facility: If you are planning to set-up a R&D facility in India, OnePV can help you there as well. You can also opt for a Joint Venture with OnePV for long-term prospects.
Photovoltaics consultancy: We also offer Consulting and Advisory Services for all Aspects of the Photovoltaic Solar Electric Industry.
Contract manufacturing: OnePV offers contract manufacturing with a buy-back arrangement with global companies that wish to use India’s low-cost and reliable resources to manufacture their PV products.
Energy saving
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is energy created from natural sources such as sunlight, wind, water, waste products and other sources that can be naturally replenished. India is fortunate to be blessed with an abundance of such sources. These sources of energy are available locally throughout the year and do not need elaborate arrangements for distribution. This makes them well suited to decentralized applications for use in remote areas. Other advantages of renewable energy sources are its environment friendliness and low operation costs.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy - External website that opens in a new window is responsible for putting into action comprehensive programmes for the development and utilization of renewable energy. It is promoting many new technologies and devices that are now commercially available. These include biogas plants, solar water heaters, solar cookers, street lights, pumps, wind electric generators, water-pumping wind mills, biomass gasifiers and small hydro-electric generators. Currently, renewable sources contribute around 9 per cent of the total power installed capacity in the country. Here are some details about the types of alternative sources of energy being produced.
Biogas (888KB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - Biogas is derived from organic products, primarily cattle dung, kitchen waste and agro forestry wastes and is used mainly in rural areas. The Government promotes the use of biogas through the National Biogas and Manure Management Programme - External website that opens in a new window. Biogas can be used for cooking, heating, lighting, motive power in certain gas engines and generation of electricity through attached alternators. There is an estimated potential for the installation of 12 million family type biogas plants in the country. Currently, India ranks second in the world in biogas production.
Biomass (960KB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - Biomass has been used by mankind ever since the beginning of civilization and includes wood, sugarcane residues, wheat chaff and other plant matter. It is carbon neutral and has the potential to provide significant employment in rural areas. The three main biomass technologies being promoted by the Government are bagasse-based cogeneration in sugar mills, biomass power generation, and biomass gasification for thermal and electrical applications. Of late, biomass power has become an industry attracting annual investments of over Rs.1000 crores while generating more than 9 billion units of electricity per year.
Solar Energy (1MB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - India is a sunny country with most parts receiving about 4 to 7 kilowatt hours of solar radiation per square metre per day with 250 - 300 sunny days in a year. This makes solar energy a very attractive option for generating both power and heat. The thermal route uses the heat from the sun for water heating, cooking, drying, water purification, power generation and much more. The photovoltaic route converts sunlight into electricity, which can then be used for lighting, pumping, communications and power supply in non electrified areas.
Energy from Wastes (804KB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - Rapid industrialization, urbanization and changes in the lifestyles, which accompany the process of economic growth, give rise to generation of increasing quantities of wastes and the environmental problems of air & water pollution and climate change. In recent years, technologies have been developed that not only help in generating substantial decentralized energy from waste but also in reducing their quantity for safe disposal. There exists an estimated potential for recovery of over 3500 MW of energy from urban and industrial wastes. The government is implementing a Programme on Energy Recovery from Urban Wastes - External website that opens in a new window.
Wind Energy (952KB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - India is currently the fifth largest producer of wind power in the world, after USA, Germany, Spain and China. Wind energy is used for water pumping, battery charging and large power generation. It works through a simple concept – the flowing wind rotates the blades of a turbine, which causes electricity to be produced in a generator. Up to March 2009, a total wind power capacity of 10,242 MW has been established. The Government has initiated the Wind Power Programme - External website that opens in a new window to assess wind resources, promote setting up projects and provide incentives to promote wind energy as an supplementary source of electricity in the country.
Small Hydro Power (852KB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - Hydro power is the largest source of renewable energy for generating electricity. It is obtained from the energy of water flowing from a height, which is converted into electricity by using a turbine coupled to a generator. In India, hydro power projects with a station capacity of up to 25 megawatts (MW) are categorized as small hydro power projects. The estimated potential for power generation from such plants is about 15,000 MW, with the most prospects being seen in the Himalayan States. As Small Hydro Power Projects are economically viable, the private sector has also begun investing in them.
Hydrogen Energy (808KB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - Hydrogen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable gas which is high in energy content. When burnt, hydrogen produces water as a by-product. This makes it an efficient source of energy as well as an environmentally clean fuel. It can be used for power generation and transport applications as well as for spacecraft fuel.
The Government is also working to develop advanced technologies of renewable energy such as geothermal energy, ocean energy, fuel cells, bio fuels and tidal energy to satisfy future energy requirements.
The future of energy production is filled with challenges. As renewable energy is obtained from natural sources, adopting such technologies would protect our environment by reducing pollution and save the nation billions of rupees from oil imports. Thus, it is important to promote the benefits of conserving energy and adopting such 'clean' technologies through public awareness campaigns. As citizens learn and adopt energy saving behaviour and technologies in their homes and businesses, the nation will also progress.
We are fortunate enough to have inherited an India with beautiful mountains, lush green country landscape and thick forests to explore. It is vital that we pass on a clean, healthy and safe environment to future generations also. Tapping of renewable sources of energy and energy conservation are two steps in the direction of ensuring energy security and bequeathing a green planet to our children.
Renewable energy is energy created from natural sources such as sunlight, wind, water, waste products and other sources that can be naturally replenished. India is fortunate to be blessed with an abundance of such sources. These sources of energy are available locally throughout the year and do not need elaborate arrangements for distribution. This makes them well suited to decentralized applications for use in remote areas. Other advantages of renewable energy sources are its environment friendliness and low operation costs.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy - External website that opens in a new window is responsible for putting into action comprehensive programmes for the development and utilization of renewable energy. It is promoting many new technologies and devices that are now commercially available. These include biogas plants, solar water heaters, solar cookers, street lights, pumps, wind electric generators, water-pumping wind mills, biomass gasifiers and small hydro-electric generators. Currently, renewable sources contribute around 9 per cent of the total power installed capacity in the country. Here are some details about the types of alternative sources of energy being produced.
Biogas (888KB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - Biogas is derived from organic products, primarily cattle dung, kitchen waste and agro forestry wastes and is used mainly in rural areas. The Government promotes the use of biogas through the National Biogas and Manure Management Programme - External website that opens in a new window. Biogas can be used for cooking, heating, lighting, motive power in certain gas engines and generation of electricity through attached alternators. There is an estimated potential for the installation of 12 million family type biogas plants in the country. Currently, India ranks second in the world in biogas production.
Biomass (960KB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - Biomass has been used by mankind ever since the beginning of civilization and includes wood, sugarcane residues, wheat chaff and other plant matter. It is carbon neutral and has the potential to provide significant employment in rural areas. The three main biomass technologies being promoted by the Government are bagasse-based cogeneration in sugar mills, biomass power generation, and biomass gasification for thermal and electrical applications. Of late, biomass power has become an industry attracting annual investments of over Rs.1000 crores while generating more than 9 billion units of electricity per year.
Solar Energy (1MB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - India is a sunny country with most parts receiving about 4 to 7 kilowatt hours of solar radiation per square metre per day with 250 - 300 sunny days in a year. This makes solar energy a very attractive option for generating both power and heat. The thermal route uses the heat from the sun for water heating, cooking, drying, water purification, power generation and much more. The photovoltaic route converts sunlight into electricity, which can then be used for lighting, pumping, communications and power supply in non electrified areas.
Energy from Wastes (804KB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - Rapid industrialization, urbanization and changes in the lifestyles, which accompany the process of economic growth, give rise to generation of increasing quantities of wastes and the environmental problems of air & water pollution and climate change. In recent years, technologies have been developed that not only help in generating substantial decentralized energy from waste but also in reducing their quantity for safe disposal. There exists an estimated potential for recovery of over 3500 MW of energy from urban and industrial wastes. The government is implementing a Programme on Energy Recovery from Urban Wastes - External website that opens in a new window.
Wind Energy (952KB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - India is currently the fifth largest producer of wind power in the world, after USA, Germany, Spain and China. Wind energy is used for water pumping, battery charging and large power generation. It works through a simple concept – the flowing wind rotates the blades of a turbine, which causes electricity to be produced in a generator. Up to March 2009, a total wind power capacity of 10,242 MW has been established. The Government has initiated the Wind Power Programme - External website that opens in a new window to assess wind resources, promote setting up projects and provide incentives to promote wind energy as an supplementary source of electricity in the country.
Small Hydro Power (852KB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - Hydro power is the largest source of renewable energy for generating electricity. It is obtained from the energy of water flowing from a height, which is converted into electricity by using a turbine coupled to a generator. In India, hydro power projects with a station capacity of up to 25 megawatts (MW) are categorized as small hydro power projects. The estimated potential for power generation from such plants is about 15,000 MW, with the most prospects being seen in the Himalayan States. As Small Hydro Power Projects are economically viable, the private sector has also begun investing in them.
Hydrogen Energy (808KB) - PDF file that opens in a new window - Hydrogen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable gas which is high in energy content. When burnt, hydrogen produces water as a by-product. This makes it an efficient source of energy as well as an environmentally clean fuel. It can be used for power generation and transport applications as well as for spacecraft fuel.
The Government is also working to develop advanced technologies of renewable energy such as geothermal energy, ocean energy, fuel cells, bio fuels and tidal energy to satisfy future energy requirements.
The future of energy production is filled with challenges. As renewable energy is obtained from natural sources, adopting such technologies would protect our environment by reducing pollution and save the nation billions of rupees from oil imports. Thus, it is important to promote the benefits of conserving energy and adopting such 'clean' technologies through public awareness campaigns. As citizens learn and adopt energy saving behaviour and technologies in their homes and businesses, the nation will also progress.
We are fortunate enough to have inherited an India with beautiful mountains, lush green country landscape and thick forests to explore. It is vital that we pass on a clean, healthy and safe environment to future generations also. Tapping of renewable sources of energy and energy conservation are two steps in the direction of ensuring energy security and bequeathing a green planet to our children.
Friday, January 22, 2010
pre
Sites of outstanding value to humanity that are to be protected and for posterity are considered as World Heritage Sites. Conservation of such sties is embodied in an international trety called the Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972.
World Heritage Committee under this Convention includes properties under the following three categories:
· Natural Heritage Sites: A “natural heritage” consist of natural features consisting of physical and biological formations, which are of outstanding universal value from aesthetic or scientific point of view; geological and physiographical formation and precisely delimitated areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of outstanding universal value from point of view of science or conservation; and/ or natural sites.
· Cultural Heritage sites: A” cultural heritage” consists of monuments, architectural works, works of monumental sculptures, painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features of outstanding universal value; group of buildings or groups of separate or connected buildings ; works of man or the combined work of nature and man and areas including archaeological sites which are out outstanding universal value from historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view.
· Mixed Heritage Sites: A “Mixed heritage” consist of properties having both the natural as well as cultural importance.
World Heritage Sties under Natural Category in India
India was ratified to the World Heritage Convention on 14th November 1977. Since then 5 natural sites have been declared as World Heritage Sites. In addition, Valley of Flowers was included in the World Heritage list as an extension to the Nanda Devi National Park. The list of such sites is:
· Natural
1. Kaziranga National Park(1985)
2. Keoladeo National Park (1985)
3. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)
4. Nanda Devi ( 1988) & Valley of Flowers in 2005 as an extension of Nanda Devi.
5. Sunderbans National Park(1987)
Sites in Tentative List of World Heritage Sites
4 natural sites have been proposed for the tentative list of World Heritage sites. The list of such sties is as given below:
1. Western Ghats (sub cluster nomination0 (2006)
2. Namdapha National Park (2006)
3. Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch (2006)
4. Kangchendzonga National Park (2006)
World Heritage Committee under this Convention includes properties under the following three categories:
· Natural Heritage Sites: A “natural heritage” consist of natural features consisting of physical and biological formations, which are of outstanding universal value from aesthetic or scientific point of view; geological and physiographical formation and precisely delimitated areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of outstanding universal value from point of view of science or conservation; and/ or natural sites.
· Cultural Heritage sites: A” cultural heritage” consists of monuments, architectural works, works of monumental sculptures, painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features of outstanding universal value; group of buildings or groups of separate or connected buildings ; works of man or the combined work of nature and man and areas including archaeological sites which are out outstanding universal value from historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view.
· Mixed Heritage Sites: A “Mixed heritage” consist of properties having both the natural as well as cultural importance.
World Heritage Sties under Natural Category in India
India was ratified to the World Heritage Convention on 14th November 1977. Since then 5 natural sites have been declared as World Heritage Sites. In addition, Valley of Flowers was included in the World Heritage list as an extension to the Nanda Devi National Park. The list of such sites is:
· Natural
1. Kaziranga National Park(1985)
2. Keoladeo National Park (1985)
3. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)
4. Nanda Devi ( 1988) & Valley of Flowers in 2005 as an extension of Nanda Devi.
5. Sunderbans National Park(1987)
Sites in Tentative List of World Heritage Sites
4 natural sites have been proposed for the tentative list of World Heritage sites. The list of such sties is as given below:
1. Western Ghats (sub cluster nomination0 (2006)
2. Namdapha National Park (2006)
3. Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch (2006)
4. Kangchendzonga National Park (2006)
railway safety
special drive to bust the organized gangs operating in trains and at Stations and a better system will be evolved for rail crimes through networking for sharing passenger crime intelligence and special intelligence
discuss various innovative measures with the State Home Secretaries to ensure better security of Rail Passengers. The meeting also discussed an Action Plan to tackle the problem of theft of passengers’ belongings and drugging incidents. Under this Action Plan, a committee of four State Home Secretaries has been constituted who will submit its report in a months time on strategies to tackle the problem of theft and drugging. It will also address the problems of non-registration of cases. The State Home Secretaries were urged to direct the GRP to minimize crimes on Railways so as to instill confidence amongst the traveling public.
Other issues discussed at the meeting include the restructuring of the security forces involved in passenger security, including women security, Naxal attacks on Railways in different States, tackling militant activities in North Eastern region, tackling political agitation targeting Railways etc.
discuss various innovative measures with the State Home Secretaries to ensure better security of Rail Passengers. The meeting also discussed an Action Plan to tackle the problem of theft of passengers’ belongings and drugging incidents. Under this Action Plan, a committee of four State Home Secretaries has been constituted who will submit its report in a months time on strategies to tackle the problem of theft and drugging. It will also address the problems of non-registration of cases. The State Home Secretaries were urged to direct the GRP to minimize crimes on Railways so as to instill confidence amongst the traveling public.
Other issues discussed at the meeting include the restructuring of the security forces involved in passenger security, including women security, Naxal attacks on Railways in different States, tackling militant activities in North Eastern region, tackling political agitation targeting Railways etc.
21.01.10
The impact of various measures taken by the Government is visible in the improved performance of the industrial sector in the last two quarters as given below:
2008-09 2009-10
April-June
July-Sept
Oct-Dec
Jan-Mar
April-June
July-Sept
5.3
4.7
0.8
0.5
3.9
9.1
The Government had announced three stimulus packages on December 7, 2008, January 2, 2009 and February 16, 2009 (in the Interim Budget for 2009-10) to provide support to the industries impacted by economic slowdown. These industries included the labour intensive industries. The measures to stimulate domestic demand inter-alia include reduction in ad-valorem CENVAT duty, incentives to the housing sector with a view to give a boost to affordable housing, and sector specific initiatives. Further, a set of measures were announced for enhancing the flow of funds to the MSE sector.
The various measures to support exports included interest subvention of 2% for pre & post shipment export credit for identified labour intensive industries, additional allocation for export intensive schemes, additional funds towards providing guarantee by the Export Credit Guarantee Corporations and enhancements of duty draw back benefits on certain identified exportable items. In addition, RBI has taken a number of steps to reduce the cost of credit and improve liquidity for the industry such as reduction of the Repo rates, reverse Repo rates, Cash reserve ratio etc.
2008-09 2009-10
April-June
July-Sept
Oct-Dec
Jan-Mar
April-June
July-Sept
5.3
4.7
0.8
0.5
3.9
9.1
The Government had announced three stimulus packages on December 7, 2008, January 2, 2009 and February 16, 2009 (in the Interim Budget for 2009-10) to provide support to the industries impacted by economic slowdown. These industries included the labour intensive industries. The measures to stimulate domestic demand inter-alia include reduction in ad-valorem CENVAT duty, incentives to the housing sector with a view to give a boost to affordable housing, and sector specific initiatives. Further, a set of measures were announced for enhancing the flow of funds to the MSE sector.
The various measures to support exports included interest subvention of 2% for pre & post shipment export credit for identified labour intensive industries, additional allocation for export intensive schemes, additional funds towards providing guarantee by the Export Credit Guarantee Corporations and enhancements of duty draw back benefits on certain identified exportable items. In addition, RBI has taken a number of steps to reduce the cost of credit and improve liquidity for the industry such as reduction of the Repo rates, reverse Repo rates, Cash reserve ratio etc.
Thursday, January 21, 2010
21.01.10
Press Information Bureau
News Date : 12-Jan-2010
The First Joint Steering Committee for cooperation in Power Sector between India and Bangladesh was held today in New Delhi under the co-Chairmanship of Secretaries of Power from the two countries. The meeting headed by Shri. H S Brahma on Indian side and Mohd. Abul Kalam Azad on the Bangladesh side discussed grid inter-connection between India and Bangladesh as well as co-operation between NTPC and BPDB.
The Joint Technical Team of Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) and Bangladesh Power Developed Board (BPDB) & Power Grid Company of Bangladesh (PGCB) have worked out a tentative cost estimate for grid inter-connection which is approximately Rs.869.21 crore out of which, Rs.708.88 crore is for the Bangladesh portion and Rs.160.33 crore for the Indian portion. The PGCIL will finance for the work to be done on the Indian side.
Bangladesh has requested PGCIL to act as a consultant on a nomination basis to assist in project execution since the work related to HVDC is being done for the first time in Bangladesh. The cost of consultancy will be borne by Government of Bangladesh.
It was decided that PGCIL should associate the engineers of PGCB in execution of the project to gain experience. Following areas were identified for cooperation between BPDB and NTPC:
a) Preparation of Feasibility Report for two Coal fired Power Projects (at Khulna and Chittagong, approximate 1320 MW each), NTPC will be offered to develop one of these projects in Joint Venture with BPDB.
b) NTPC will be offered to carry out technical assessment for BPDB?s old thermal power stations for efficiency improvement and renovation & modernization.
c) NTPC to provide training to power professionals from BPDB for their development. To start with BPDP could consider using the existing training modules of NTPC and depute some of their professional for development. Simultaneously , a long term plan shall be prepared by NTPC for BPDB to utilize NTPC training facilities through tailor-made programmes to be organized by NTPC in India/Bangladesh.
d) To immediately start cooperation between the two companies, NTPC suggested to take up the O&M of Power Stations in Bangladesh on nomination, on cost plus basis.
It was agreed that a Joint Technical Team shall be constituted with equal representation from NTPC and BPDP within a week to firm up the detailed modalities and framework for cooperation in the above areas.
Interacting with media on the sidelines of the meeting, Shri H S Brahama, Secretary(Power), Government of India stated that about 250 MW power supply from Indian National Grid can take place through the proposed inter-connector between the two countries. He said that Government of Bangladesh / BPDB could explore possibilities of sourcing the power from IPPs / Merchant plants subject to the prevailing policies of both the Governments.
News Date : 12-Jan-2010
The First Joint Steering Committee for cooperation in Power Sector between India and Bangladesh was held today in New Delhi under the co-Chairmanship of Secretaries of Power from the two countries. The meeting headed by Shri. H S Brahma on Indian side and Mohd. Abul Kalam Azad on the Bangladesh side discussed grid inter-connection between India and Bangladesh as well as co-operation between NTPC and BPDB.
The Joint Technical Team of Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) and Bangladesh Power Developed Board (BPDB) & Power Grid Company of Bangladesh (PGCB) have worked out a tentative cost estimate for grid inter-connection which is approximately Rs.869.21 crore out of which, Rs.708.88 crore is for the Bangladesh portion and Rs.160.33 crore for the Indian portion. The PGCIL will finance for the work to be done on the Indian side.
Bangladesh has requested PGCIL to act as a consultant on a nomination basis to assist in project execution since the work related to HVDC is being done for the first time in Bangladesh. The cost of consultancy will be borne by Government of Bangladesh.
It was decided that PGCIL should associate the engineers of PGCB in execution of the project to gain experience. Following areas were identified for cooperation between BPDB and NTPC:
a) Preparation of Feasibility Report for two Coal fired Power Projects (at Khulna and Chittagong, approximate 1320 MW each), NTPC will be offered to develop one of these projects in Joint Venture with BPDB.
b) NTPC will be offered to carry out technical assessment for BPDB?s old thermal power stations for efficiency improvement and renovation & modernization.
c) NTPC to provide training to power professionals from BPDB for their development. To start with BPDP could consider using the existing training modules of NTPC and depute some of their professional for development. Simultaneously , a long term plan shall be prepared by NTPC for BPDB to utilize NTPC training facilities through tailor-made programmes to be organized by NTPC in India/Bangladesh.
d) To immediately start cooperation between the two companies, NTPC suggested to take up the O&M of Power Stations in Bangladesh on nomination, on cost plus basis.
It was agreed that a Joint Technical Team shall be constituted with equal representation from NTPC and BPDP within a week to firm up the detailed modalities and framework for cooperation in the above areas.
Interacting with media on the sidelines of the meeting, Shri H S Brahama, Secretary(Power), Government of India stated that about 250 MW power supply from Indian National Grid can take place through the proposed inter-connector between the two countries. He said that Government of Bangladesh / BPDB could explore possibilities of sourcing the power from IPPs / Merchant plants subject to the prevailing policies of both the Governments.
Tuesday, January 19, 2010
Climate change
The percentage of Green House Gas (GHG) emitted by India accounts for only 3-4% of the global GHG emissions. This has been stated in the National Communication submitted to UNFCCC.
states
why the increasing demand for smaller states, he said: ‘‘There is an issue about the distribution of resources. People want smaller states because they feel that is the way resources, finances and development will reach them.’’
Friday, January 15, 2010
question2
my hobby is reading novels n short stories.. i feel we have to prepare about wat r novels, short stories, biography etc. i mean defn.. and how this hobby ll help us in administration.. plz add any questions that can be asked on this hobby....... thank you........
compulsory voting in LS & LA
rights of trans-sexuals
Gill formula for reservation of seats for women
is linguistic experiment for reorganisation of states a success?
formation of constitutional court
views on 3-idiots movie (those who have related hobby)
sex education in schools
is india emerging power in the world?
trial by media
gay marriages
responsible media (26/11 role)
commercialisation of edu.
deemed university?
ragging
reservation policy
capital punishment
euthanasia
large/small state,2nd reorgn. commn.
new disinvestment policy
judicial activism,accountability,reforms,RTI on judges
health insurance for BPL
solar mission
copenhagen
financial crisis:multipolar world
National counter terrorism cell
Home min. bifurcation
National investigation agency
right to edu,primary edu.
food prices,food security
NPT,CTBT
foreign policy
1.introduce urself...
2.what r ur 3 positives??
3.what r ur 3 negatives??(means aapki kamjoriya)
4.why u wanna be an IAS officer??
5.you r preparing for last four years..y u stil not got selected??(in case)
6.it is to be said that an IAS is d king of district..wat u think abt it??
7.why u choose your home state as first preference???
how toimprove brand image of UP?-
hi frnds!! though Ravish has answered well but i have answered in little bit different way.....
1. better skilled and trained huge human resource with determination to excell in any given condition
2. largely untapped agricultural, water and land resources as well as Industrial potential as it is geographically located near to mineral resources eg. Jharkhand Chattishgarh etc
3. number of historical monuments and rich cultural diversity in Bihar and their promotion for tourism purpose
LAW AND ORDER STATISTICS?
regarding brand image can we answer like : in 3 sectors of economy we will highlight all 3 forcefully in media ( it create or mars the brand image ) in primary fertile land with sharp difference in potential and actual yield and helpful govt. for corporate farming , in manufacturing also closeness of jharkhand minerals ample water cheap labour and helpful govt, in services tourism , etc......this all will be highlighted in all platform national like ficci , or interational like pbd etc..
Well to answer that as a DM how yu will control flood, i think ideal answer should reflect the normal due procedure to be followed asa laid down in National Calamity Action Plan as well as National Flood Control Policy.
Nevertheless, to adopt a short term and long term action plan will be ideal strategy to control flood in a district.short term will cater the immediate needs such as relief rehablitation rescue etc whereas the long term could be proper repairing of dams, preparation of embankments, rehablitation of people from low lying areas etc.sensitising the civil society at large and taking the help from NGO in particular is also important.
compulsory voting in LS & LA
rights of trans-sexuals
Gill formula for reservation of seats for women
is linguistic experiment for reorganisation of states a success?
formation of constitutional court
views on 3-idiots movie (those who have related hobby)
sex education in schools
is india emerging power in the world?
trial by media
gay marriages
responsible media (26/11 role)
commercialisation of edu.
deemed university?
ragging
reservation policy
capital punishment
euthanasia
large/small state,2nd reorgn. commn.
new disinvestment policy
judicial activism,accountability,reforms,RTI on judges
health insurance for BPL
solar mission
copenhagen
financial crisis:multipolar world
National counter terrorism cell
Home min. bifurcation
National investigation agency
right to edu,primary edu.
food prices,food security
NPT,CTBT
foreign policy
1.introduce urself...
2.what r ur 3 positives??
3.what r ur 3 negatives??(means aapki kamjoriya)
4.why u wanna be an IAS officer??
5.you r preparing for last four years..y u stil not got selected??(in case)
6.it is to be said that an IAS is d king of district..wat u think abt it??
7.why u choose your home state as first preference???
how toimprove brand image of UP?-
hi frnds!! though Ravish has answered well but i have answered in little bit different way.....
1. better skilled and trained huge human resource with determination to excell in any given condition
2. largely untapped agricultural, water and land resources as well as Industrial potential as it is geographically located near to mineral resources eg. Jharkhand Chattishgarh etc
3. number of historical monuments and rich cultural diversity in Bihar and their promotion for tourism purpose
LAW AND ORDER STATISTICS?
regarding brand image can we answer like : in 3 sectors of economy we will highlight all 3 forcefully in media ( it create or mars the brand image ) in primary fertile land with sharp difference in potential and actual yield and helpful govt. for corporate farming , in manufacturing also closeness of jharkhand minerals ample water cheap labour and helpful govt, in services tourism , etc......this all will be highlighted in all platform national like ficci , or interational like pbd etc..
Well to answer that as a DM how yu will control flood, i think ideal answer should reflect the normal due procedure to be followed asa laid down in National Calamity Action Plan as well as National Flood Control Policy.
Nevertheless, to adopt a short term and long term action plan will be ideal strategy to control flood in a district.short term will cater the immediate needs such as relief rehablitation rescue etc whereas the long term could be proper repairing of dams, preparation of embankments, rehablitation of people from low lying areas etc.sensitising the civil society at large and taking the help from NGO in particular is also important.
Wednesday, January 13, 2010
Saturday, January 9, 2010
personality
TIPS FOR PERSONALITY TEST
Important:
@The interview is nowadays known as a Personality Test.
@The reason being that it is not a test of knowledge, but of the overall personality of the candidate/aspirant.
@Interview is more of a psychological test that is just content-based. Along with good communicative skills and self-confidence, good knowledge base no doubt gives you an upper hand.
@However, it has to be borne in mind that nearly all the aspirants/candidates in the Personality Test start more or less as equals in the sphere of knowledge base.
@The most important thing to know about an interview is that it is not always a question-answer session and that the Board members are looking for different aspects of one’s personality.
@One is not expected to know everything under the sun. If you do not know the answer to a particular question, do not hesitate to say – I don’t know, Sir/Ma’m. However, even “I don’t know Sir/Ma’m” should be said confidently and with a reasonable amount of cheerfulness. @Remember – your knowledge levels have been thoroughly checked during the earlier stages of the CSE – viz Prelims and Mains.
@Always remember that the interview is not a cross examination, but a natural, purposeful conversation.
@Personality is a life-long asset and a thing, which evolves and changes every day.
@Preparation
@Keep a photocopy of the form filled for the Mains examination handy. Most of the initial questions – viz the meaning of your name, educational background, professional experience, hobbies etc will be based on this form only. Try to prepare on your bio-data; roughly 70% questions are based on bio-data, 20% questions are based on your subject and 10% are based on current affairs.
@Aspirants to CSE should take an intelligent interest not only in areas of their specialization, but also in what is happening around them – both within and outside the country.
@Be well informed about your interests and hobbies as there will be a few questions probing your levels of knowledge as regards your hobbies and interests.
Prepare thoroughly about your hometown & home state. If you hail from a place of historical importance or tourist interest, prepare well on it.
@Know yourself. Prepare brief answers to choice of your subjects, family background, meaning of your name. You should try to take the lead by answering questions based on your bio-data.
@One of the secrets of success is to prepare for the Personality Test along with the written test.
@If a person gives the impression of being a bookworm, the chances of his/her selection are reduced. The candidate must exhibit an all-round personality, which indicates that the aspirant possesses a complete personality.
MOCK /PRACTICE
@One should form a group of 4-5 people, as the preparation for Personality Test cannot be done in isolation. Try holding as many mock interviews as possible.
@No training institute can develop/transform your personality in a few days. However, some of the tips may help in ironing out some weaknesses/grey areas and can provide an avenue for a well-planned preparation and group discussions.
@Take mock interviews. In the mock interview, ask your friends to grill you so that you can face pressure from the Board easily.
@Discuss a lot with your friends. This not only helps in you assimilating different points of view, but also enhances knowledge levels.
DRESSING UP:
#Dress sense is of crucial importance. The choice of dress should be according to the weather conditions. Try not to wear newly stitched clothes, as they might make you uneasy. Light colours should be preferred. White colour is a good choice.
#Wear comfortable clothes. Men need to wear light coloured shirt and a dark trouser with a tie (if weather permits). Women appear best in a saree or salwar/kameez.
Pay attention to the details, ironed dress, polished shoes, hair accessories, trimmed nails etc. Polish your footwear meticulously. Use convenient footwear like black or brown leather shoes.
#Women candidates should take care to avoid the hair falling over the face as it could annoy both – you and the interviewer.
#Do not wear anything that connects you with a religious or political group.
#Do not use heavy perfume/deodorants.
In case you have a running nose or have caught a cold, carry a handkerchief, or sufficient stock of tissue paper. Tissue paper is preferable.
#Some candidates take medicine to relax on the previous night of the interview; this should be avoided as the effect of medicine may decrease your alertness during the interview.
#What and how you eat is also important. Have a light meal on the day of the Personality Test. Do not go for the interview on an empty stomach. However, also avoid over-eating, or having a heavy meal.
#First impression is often the best impression. So create a positive, good impression within the first few minutes of the interview.
ENTRY:
@Arrive 20-30 minutes early. Prepare a route map and arrive well in time. This will give you enough time to relax
@While waiting for your turn in the waiting area, read a newspaper or a magazine and try to remain focused without thinking too much of what will happen in the interview. @Try not to presuppose situations.
@Do not get nervous when you are waiting for your turn for the Personality Test. When waiting for your turn, try relaxing with closed eyes and practice deep breathing. It really relaxes you. Do not try to pre-suppose situations in the Personality Test.
@Take a final, deep breath before entering the boardroom.
@Do not forget to knock at the door before entering, as it indicates basic courtesy.
@On entering the room, greet all the members cordially and do not sit down on the seat without being asked to.
@If there is a lady member in the interview board, greet her first.
@Be conscious of your body language when you are seated.
@Men should keep the feet flat on the floor during the interview, knees at waist level, and hands on your thighs and place your elbows on the armchair. Avoid locking hands.
@Women, cross your ankles or legs, but keep the bottom leg straight down and do not swing it over the top leg and keep your elbows positioned on the arms of the chair.
@When the Board members thank you at the end of the Personality test, do not forget to thank the members one last time and keep your body posture straight at the time of leaving the room.
@Remember that interview is a two-way process.
@Be cool. Be yourself during the Interview. @Your aim should be to make the board members feel comfortable in your presence. @Be truthful, transparent and Predictable.
The object of the interview is to assess the suitability of the aspirant/candidate for a career in public service.
@Most of the questions posed in the @Personality Test are opinion-based.
@Don’t expect any expression on the faces of board members, even if your answer is very good.
At time of Interview:
1. In a personality test, what is of importance is how you say what you say. It is the style of presentation that matters.
2. Your personality is, on an average, assessed in 25-30 minutes, it is your responsibility to bring out your very best in front of the board.
3. Be attentive and listen to each question carefully. Try not to jump into an answer before the complete question has been posed as you will end up wasting time on answering a question that you were not actually asked. If you are not sure of what was asked, you can always politely seek a clarification.
4. Do not try to answer the question as soon as it is asked. Think over the question, take your time and organize the broad outline of the answer before airing it. Pause a while before answering, even if you know the answer.
5. At times, you will be given situations wherein you will be required to take a decision. In such situations, the board is testing your ability to comprehend issues and use reason and good judgment logically, precisely and arrive at a balanced decision.
6. Your replies should be crisp and to the point. Do not beat around the bush.
Maintain a gentle smile off and on during the Personality Test without overdoing it. It displays a sense of ease and confidence. Wherever possible use your sense of humour judiciously.
Do’s and Don’ts:
*The board members are usually very senior and learned people, so give utmost respect to the board.
*Don’t go by any stories/rumours spread by others. Avoid unnecessary details.
Don’t ask the previous candidate about his/her interview.
*The board has no biases towards anyone.
*Never make any sweeping statements/generalized descriptions.
*Accept your mistakes boldly.
*Speak honestly, truthfully and modestly.
*Do not give a hasty reply.
*Answer in an orderly and logical fashion and always maintain eye contact with the *Board members while answering.
*Be polite and courteous.
*Don’t try to be too argumentative.
*Be consistent in your views. Don’t change your views just because the Board differs in its opinion from your opinion.
*Never make an attempt to present a made-up appearance or politically correct answers.
*If you are taking an extreme view, you should also be able to justify the same.
Take tea or coffee, if any member offers the same to you. This will show you are relaxed and it will also help in lightening and relaxing further proceedings and give them an informal touch.
*Avoid chewing gums and other munching items as it gives a negative and a careless image.
*Try holding mock interviews in front of a mirror. Look out for unwarranted actions/emotions and try to rectify any shortcomings. If possible record your own answers and play them again for finding out errors.
*Don’t criticize any government policies or even individuals.
*Take a good night’s sleep. A good, sound sleep will keep you refreshed, cheerful and relaxed. Otherwise you will have a fuzzy head and you will betray a confused personality. You will neither be able to grasp questions correctly, nor be able to think clearly.
*Do not speak rapidly. Speak slowly and clearly so that the Board members grasp what you are saying and do not have to interrupt you or ask you to repeat your views.
*The Board will check you for certain traits – such as honest and integrity, logical exposition, balance of opinion, leadership skills, mental alertness, variety and depth of interest, social cohesion, moral integrity, acumen, your response to a peculiar situation, your views on varied topics.
*At times, the Board members might pile pressure upon you. Do not panic – it is a strategy aimed at gauging the point till which you can maintain your cool under pressure and can think originally even in pressure cooker situations. Try to resemble tealeaves – show your true colours when in hot waters.
*Form your views on a subjects in a logical and rational manner supported by data whenever necessary.
*To be in touch with the latest happenings/events – nationally and internationally, candidates should read magazines and newspapers (at least two for interview), watch current affairs-based television programmes.
*Assume that all questions are asked with a good reason and answer them accordingly.
*Keep a file/folder to keep your certificates and documents in an organized manner. *They are verified before you enter the interview room. (You don’t have to carry file/folder inside board room).
Important:
@The interview is nowadays known as a Personality Test.
@The reason being that it is not a test of knowledge, but of the overall personality of the candidate/aspirant.
@Interview is more of a psychological test that is just content-based. Along with good communicative skills and self-confidence, good knowledge base no doubt gives you an upper hand.
@However, it has to be borne in mind that nearly all the aspirants/candidates in the Personality Test start more or less as equals in the sphere of knowledge base.
@The most important thing to know about an interview is that it is not always a question-answer session and that the Board members are looking for different aspects of one’s personality.
@One is not expected to know everything under the sun. If you do not know the answer to a particular question, do not hesitate to say – I don’t know, Sir/Ma’m. However, even “I don’t know Sir/Ma’m” should be said confidently and with a reasonable amount of cheerfulness. @Remember – your knowledge levels have been thoroughly checked during the earlier stages of the CSE – viz Prelims and Mains.
@Always remember that the interview is not a cross examination, but a natural, purposeful conversation.
@Personality is a life-long asset and a thing, which evolves and changes every day.
@Preparation
@Keep a photocopy of the form filled for the Mains examination handy. Most of the initial questions – viz the meaning of your name, educational background, professional experience, hobbies etc will be based on this form only. Try to prepare on your bio-data; roughly 70% questions are based on bio-data, 20% questions are based on your subject and 10% are based on current affairs.
@Aspirants to CSE should take an intelligent interest not only in areas of their specialization, but also in what is happening around them – both within and outside the country.
@Be well informed about your interests and hobbies as there will be a few questions probing your levels of knowledge as regards your hobbies and interests.
Prepare thoroughly about your hometown & home state. If you hail from a place of historical importance or tourist interest, prepare well on it.
@Know yourself. Prepare brief answers to choice of your subjects, family background, meaning of your name. You should try to take the lead by answering questions based on your bio-data.
@One of the secrets of success is to prepare for the Personality Test along with the written test.
@If a person gives the impression of being a bookworm, the chances of his/her selection are reduced. The candidate must exhibit an all-round personality, which indicates that the aspirant possesses a complete personality.
MOCK /PRACTICE
@One should form a group of 4-5 people, as the preparation for Personality Test cannot be done in isolation. Try holding as many mock interviews as possible.
@No training institute can develop/transform your personality in a few days. However, some of the tips may help in ironing out some weaknesses/grey areas and can provide an avenue for a well-planned preparation and group discussions.
@Take mock interviews. In the mock interview, ask your friends to grill you so that you can face pressure from the Board easily.
@Discuss a lot with your friends. This not only helps in you assimilating different points of view, but also enhances knowledge levels.
DRESSING UP:
#Dress sense is of crucial importance. The choice of dress should be according to the weather conditions. Try not to wear newly stitched clothes, as they might make you uneasy. Light colours should be preferred. White colour is a good choice.
#Wear comfortable clothes. Men need to wear light coloured shirt and a dark trouser with a tie (if weather permits). Women appear best in a saree or salwar/kameez.
Pay attention to the details, ironed dress, polished shoes, hair accessories, trimmed nails etc. Polish your footwear meticulously. Use convenient footwear like black or brown leather shoes.
#Women candidates should take care to avoid the hair falling over the face as it could annoy both – you and the interviewer.
#Do not wear anything that connects you with a religious or political group.
#Do not use heavy perfume/deodorants.
In case you have a running nose or have caught a cold, carry a handkerchief, or sufficient stock of tissue paper. Tissue paper is preferable.
#Some candidates take medicine to relax on the previous night of the interview; this should be avoided as the effect of medicine may decrease your alertness during the interview.
#What and how you eat is also important. Have a light meal on the day of the Personality Test. Do not go for the interview on an empty stomach. However, also avoid over-eating, or having a heavy meal.
#First impression is often the best impression. So create a positive, good impression within the first few minutes of the interview.
ENTRY:
@Arrive 20-30 minutes early. Prepare a route map and arrive well in time. This will give you enough time to relax
@While waiting for your turn in the waiting area, read a newspaper or a magazine and try to remain focused without thinking too much of what will happen in the interview. @Try not to presuppose situations.
@Do not get nervous when you are waiting for your turn for the Personality Test. When waiting for your turn, try relaxing with closed eyes and practice deep breathing. It really relaxes you. Do not try to pre-suppose situations in the Personality Test.
@Take a final, deep breath before entering the boardroom.
@Do not forget to knock at the door before entering, as it indicates basic courtesy.
@On entering the room, greet all the members cordially and do not sit down on the seat without being asked to.
@If there is a lady member in the interview board, greet her first.
@Be conscious of your body language when you are seated.
@Men should keep the feet flat on the floor during the interview, knees at waist level, and hands on your thighs and place your elbows on the armchair. Avoid locking hands.
@Women, cross your ankles or legs, but keep the bottom leg straight down and do not swing it over the top leg and keep your elbows positioned on the arms of the chair.
@When the Board members thank you at the end of the Personality test, do not forget to thank the members one last time and keep your body posture straight at the time of leaving the room.
@Remember that interview is a two-way process.
@Be cool. Be yourself during the Interview. @Your aim should be to make the board members feel comfortable in your presence. @Be truthful, transparent and Predictable.
The object of the interview is to assess the suitability of the aspirant/candidate for a career in public service.
@Most of the questions posed in the @Personality Test are opinion-based.
@Don’t expect any expression on the faces of board members, even if your answer is very good.
At time of Interview:
1. In a personality test, what is of importance is how you say what you say. It is the style of presentation that matters.
2. Your personality is, on an average, assessed in 25-30 minutes, it is your responsibility to bring out your very best in front of the board.
3. Be attentive and listen to each question carefully. Try not to jump into an answer before the complete question has been posed as you will end up wasting time on answering a question that you were not actually asked. If you are not sure of what was asked, you can always politely seek a clarification.
4. Do not try to answer the question as soon as it is asked. Think over the question, take your time and organize the broad outline of the answer before airing it. Pause a while before answering, even if you know the answer.
5. At times, you will be given situations wherein you will be required to take a decision. In such situations, the board is testing your ability to comprehend issues and use reason and good judgment logically, precisely and arrive at a balanced decision.
6. Your replies should be crisp and to the point. Do not beat around the bush.
Maintain a gentle smile off and on during the Personality Test without overdoing it. It displays a sense of ease and confidence. Wherever possible use your sense of humour judiciously.
Do’s and Don’ts:
*The board members are usually very senior and learned people, so give utmost respect to the board.
*Don’t go by any stories/rumours spread by others. Avoid unnecessary details.
Don’t ask the previous candidate about his/her interview.
*The board has no biases towards anyone.
*Never make any sweeping statements/generalized descriptions.
*Accept your mistakes boldly.
*Speak honestly, truthfully and modestly.
*Do not give a hasty reply.
*Answer in an orderly and logical fashion and always maintain eye contact with the *Board members while answering.
*Be polite and courteous.
*Don’t try to be too argumentative.
*Be consistent in your views. Don’t change your views just because the Board differs in its opinion from your opinion.
*Never make an attempt to present a made-up appearance or politically correct answers.
*If you are taking an extreme view, you should also be able to justify the same.
Take tea or coffee, if any member offers the same to you. This will show you are relaxed and it will also help in lightening and relaxing further proceedings and give them an informal touch.
*Avoid chewing gums and other munching items as it gives a negative and a careless image.
*Try holding mock interviews in front of a mirror. Look out for unwarranted actions/emotions and try to rectify any shortcomings. If possible record your own answers and play them again for finding out errors.
*Don’t criticize any government policies or even individuals.
*Take a good night’s sleep. A good, sound sleep will keep you refreshed, cheerful and relaxed. Otherwise you will have a fuzzy head and you will betray a confused personality. You will neither be able to grasp questions correctly, nor be able to think clearly.
*Do not speak rapidly. Speak slowly and clearly so that the Board members grasp what you are saying and do not have to interrupt you or ask you to repeat your views.
*The Board will check you for certain traits – such as honest and integrity, logical exposition, balance of opinion, leadership skills, mental alertness, variety and depth of interest, social cohesion, moral integrity, acumen, your response to a peculiar situation, your views on varied topics.
*At times, the Board members might pile pressure upon you. Do not panic – it is a strategy aimed at gauging the point till which you can maintain your cool under pressure and can think originally even in pressure cooker situations. Try to resemble tealeaves – show your true colours when in hot waters.
*Form your views on a subjects in a logical and rational manner supported by data whenever necessary.
*To be in touch with the latest happenings/events – nationally and internationally, candidates should read magazines and newspapers (at least two for interview), watch current affairs-based television programmes.
*Assume that all questions are asked with a good reason and answer them accordingly.
*Keep a file/folder to keep your certificates and documents in an organized manner. *They are verified before you enter the interview room. (You don’t have to carry file/folder inside board room).
Electrical questions
wht r the issues before power ministry?
power projections of ind?
energy security?
how to bring down t&d loss?
wht is superconductor?
electrical/electronics diff?
power projections of ind?
energy security?
how to bring down t&d loss?
wht is superconductor?
electrical/electronics diff?
Questions1
also abt the specific prob in our district ,any special initiatives, programs etc
1. Achievements of India in 2009 (Achievements of Tamil Nadu)
2. Pravasi Bhratiya Divas-Chennai-2009
3. Women in Tamil Nadu Police Force & Politics
4. Measures taken towards Ragging
5. Relations with our Neighbouring States (Kerala, Karnataka & Andhra)
1. Karnataka is 8th largest state .. in size and population
2. Why North Kar not so developed ?
3. Whats the problem with Kar- Mahrashtra .. Some taluks landlocked by Maharashtra .. where kar judistriction extends name them
4. Pblm of kar with its neighbours
5. Karnataka prodcues largest amount of gold .. Kolar an hutti whats the current status ?
6. Bellary iron -ore best in world .. whats this mining issue ?
7. How many river basins [ 7] and conflicts surrounding them .. [ cauvery]
8. How many taluks Banaglore dist has ? what abt blore rural
9> How many districts karnataka has ? can u name the recent made districts?
10> [ if u r from udupi] Pblms of coastal karnataka .. [ gatta mele vs gatta kelege]
11> Geology of Karnataka , Some minerals which r exclusive to kar ..
12> The raise of toruism in karnataka ..
13> HIV and Karnataka ? Initiatives etc
Problems are non-development, poverty, shortage of power, Law and Order, disguised employment, unemployment, small land holdings, poor handicrafts' state and many more.
Causes:-
1. Non entrepreneurial nature of people and state governments
2. Opposite parties' rules in center and the state(hurting particularly after 1991)
3. Big state: for every government interface work, have rush to Lucknow
4. Diverse state: needs different developmental strategies for different regions
5. More emphasis on power grabbing than public good
6 and others
People have the capacity to bring about change, but an able leadership is essential to provide a trigger. First need is that administration learn from the example of neighboring state Haryana, which is agriculturally in a less advantageous situation, yet has become rich and developed. See Uttarakhand, the Rudrapur - Haldwani - Pantnager and Haridwar industrial areas.Other measures:-
1. Improve electricity situation.
2. Tri- furcate the state, or find a way to strengthen the zones(or regions), giving them more developmental and regulatory autonomy.
3. Improve the industrial policy.
4. Use the advantages i.e. agriculture, tourism and education to their maximum to generate and distribute disposable money in the hands of the people.
5. Give sops to particular industrial(manufacturing) sectors(other than service sector)
6. Reduce taxation on automobiles, alcohol etc.
7. Control the land, highways, rail mafia.
8. Improve the law and order situation(already good measures taken, still image makeover required)
9. Make Lucknow(administration and ministries) more accessible to people at large.
10. Encourage people to be philanthropic(as India's problem is not money, rather its distribution)
dfrnt reasons for probs in dfrnt areas...westrn ,eastrn,centre up hv dfrnt probs,they hv to b discussed in detail.nice forum for guys frm u p n n preprng fr interview.
1. Achievements of India in 2009 (Achievements of Tamil Nadu)
2. Pravasi Bhratiya Divas-Chennai-2009
3. Women in Tamil Nadu Police Force & Politics
4. Measures taken towards Ragging
5. Relations with our Neighbouring States (Kerala, Karnataka & Andhra)
1. Karnataka is 8th largest state .. in size and population
2. Why North Kar not so developed ?
3. Whats the problem with Kar- Mahrashtra .. Some taluks landlocked by Maharashtra .. where kar judistriction extends name them
4. Pblm of kar with its neighbours
5. Karnataka prodcues largest amount of gold .. Kolar an hutti whats the current status ?
6. Bellary iron -ore best in world .. whats this mining issue ?
7. How many river basins [ 7] and conflicts surrounding them .. [ cauvery]
8. How many taluks Banaglore dist has ? what abt blore rural
9> How many districts karnataka has ? can u name the recent made districts?
10> [ if u r from udupi] Pblms of coastal karnataka .. [ gatta mele vs gatta kelege]
11> Geology of Karnataka , Some minerals which r exclusive to kar ..
12> The raise of toruism in karnataka ..
13> HIV and Karnataka ? Initiatives etc
Problems are non-development, poverty, shortage of power, Law and Order, disguised employment, unemployment, small land holdings, poor handicrafts' state and many more.
Causes:-
1. Non entrepreneurial nature of people and state governments
2. Opposite parties' rules in center and the state(hurting particularly after 1991)
3. Big state: for every government interface work, have rush to Lucknow
4. Diverse state: needs different developmental strategies for different regions
5. More emphasis on power grabbing than public good
6 and others
People have the capacity to bring about change, but an able leadership is essential to provide a trigger. First need is that administration learn from the example of neighboring state Haryana, which is agriculturally in a less advantageous situation, yet has become rich and developed. See Uttarakhand, the Rudrapur - Haldwani - Pantnager and Haridwar industrial areas.Other measures:-
1. Improve electricity situation.
2. Tri- furcate the state, or find a way to strengthen the zones(or regions), giving them more developmental and regulatory autonomy.
3. Improve the industrial policy.
4. Use the advantages i.e. agriculture, tourism and education to their maximum to generate and distribute disposable money in the hands of the people.
5. Give sops to particular industrial(manufacturing) sectors(other than service sector)
6. Reduce taxation on automobiles, alcohol etc.
7. Control the land, highways, rail mafia.
8. Improve the law and order situation(already good measures taken, still image makeover required)
9. Make Lucknow(administration and ministries) more accessible to people at large.
10. Encourage people to be philanthropic(as India's problem is not money, rather its distribution)
dfrnt reasons for probs in dfrnt areas...westrn ,eastrn,centre up hv dfrnt probs,they hv to b discussed in detail.nice forum for guys frm u p n n preprng fr interview.
Questions
home state bihar ..
can we discuss some relevant questions abt bihar ...
1. probs of bihar
2. achievement of bihar
3. changes in bihar
4. possibilities for bihar
5. strngh of bihar
6. is migration gud for bihar
1. probs of bihar-----floods
corruption....
naxalism...
castism....
illitracy..
law & order
2. achievement of bihar
2nd no in GDP growth...
govt of nitish kumar....
nrega-for employment
3. changes in bihar
presently very little change....
but there is reduction of crimes....& corruption
due to the efforts of present government
4. possibilities for bihar
industrial development
agricultural devpt as it is having very fertile land
self employment.....
spread of education
developement of service sector
5. strngh of bihar
fertile land
intelligent work force
leadership
6. is migration gud for bihar
both dimensions r there
in one sense it is gud as it reduces the burden on agriculture....
otherwise it is brain drain....
as many bihari youth working in mubai , pune banglore.... everywher
questions asked to me on bihar in 2007 interview
1.what is the major problem of patna?as patna is my hometown
2.what are the common problems of bihar and jharkhand?one thing which is more severe in one state?
3.given a post of DM in your homestate how would u implement an infrastructural project in ur assigned district?
4.problem of education system and suggestion from the point of view of education secretary
reading.....wat type of books do u like????
biog, autobiography etc.....
which is ur fav writer...
why????
etc...
Hi Friends, This is a thread where questions related to this state can be pooled in which will helpful for interview candidates from the state.
Starting from
(1) UP government's large expenditure on monuments and parks?
(2) Sugarcane pricing problem in western UP?
(3) Bundelkhand problem
(4) Impact of NREGA in some of the most backward districts of the state?
1.DEGRADATION OF HIGHRER EDUCATION IN UP??
2. CASTE POLITICS IN UP??
3. FEASIBILILTY OF CREATION OF NEW STATES VIZ BUNDELKHAND ??
1. Education Backwardness ( in-spite of all Big Old colleges being in UP -AMU.BHU.Allahabad Univer, Roorki etc...
2. degrading situation of women.....
3. difference in development of EASTERN UP wrt Western UP
4. Trifurcation of UP
5. tourism potential of UP
6. significance of International Boarder(Nepal)...
I wud like to emphasize that while doing ur home state its CRIMINAL to neglect :
1) the imp. of extensively preparing all aspects of one's home(birth) district, place of residence and any other place in UP one has spend some time in.
2) guys it will still be ok if u fumble on other ques related to UP, but goofing around/havin wrong info about part of state u belong to has a direct bearing on ur interview maks.
1.what r the problems reltd to ur state ? and suggest measures to alleviate them?
2.contribution of the state of UP in the development of the country ?
3.why UP is lagging behind in industrialization ?
4.why poor performance in HDI ?
5. condition of health services in the state ?
6. recent controversy regarding the construction of monuments and parks between the CM and the SC ?
7. is the creation of the new state of bundelkhand the solution to the problems of this region?
1.why UP should be divided in in 3 parts?
2.reasons for lack of development
3.smaller vs larger state +ve n -ve
4.why so much migration of human resource from UP?
5.what kind of industries can be established in UP /
6............
problems in UP are highly interrelated , so it will be difficult to suggest any practical strategy without identifying the root causes of them....
e.g. poor industrilisation is because of no. of factors-
1. law & order situation is far from satisfaction, consequently investors are apprehensive w.r.t. investing in UP.....
2. lack of minerals for heavy industry......
3.low level of absolute & employable (education)literacy......
4.political will & vision not perceptible..mostly non-developmental politics
5.division of the society along caste and religious lines...thereby denying people chance to discuss issues concerning development...
can we discuss some relevant questions abt bihar ...
1. probs of bihar
2. achievement of bihar
3. changes in bihar
4. possibilities for bihar
5. strngh of bihar
6. is migration gud for bihar
1. probs of bihar-----floods
corruption....
naxalism...
castism....
illitracy..
law & order
2. achievement of bihar
2nd no in GDP growth...
govt of nitish kumar....
nrega-for employment
3. changes in bihar
presently very little change....
but there is reduction of crimes....& corruption
due to the efforts of present government
4. possibilities for bihar
industrial development
agricultural devpt as it is having very fertile land
self employment.....
spread of education
developement of service sector
5. strngh of bihar
fertile land
intelligent work force
leadership
6. is migration gud for bihar
both dimensions r there
in one sense it is gud as it reduces the burden on agriculture....
otherwise it is brain drain....
as many bihari youth working in mubai , pune banglore.... everywher
questions asked to me on bihar in 2007 interview
1.what is the major problem of patna?as patna is my hometown
2.what are the common problems of bihar and jharkhand?one thing which is more severe in one state?
3.given a post of DM in your homestate how would u implement an infrastructural project in ur assigned district?
4.problem of education system and suggestion from the point of view of education secretary
reading.....wat type of books do u like????
biog, autobiography etc.....
which is ur fav writer...
why????
etc...
Hi Friends, This is a thread where questions related to this state can be pooled in which will helpful for interview candidates from the state.
Starting from
(1) UP government's large expenditure on monuments and parks?
(2) Sugarcane pricing problem in western UP?
(3) Bundelkhand problem
(4) Impact of NREGA in some of the most backward districts of the state?
1.DEGRADATION OF HIGHRER EDUCATION IN UP??
2. CASTE POLITICS IN UP??
3. FEASIBILILTY OF CREATION OF NEW STATES VIZ BUNDELKHAND ??
1. Education Backwardness ( in-spite of all Big Old colleges being in UP -AMU.BHU.Allahabad Univer, Roorki etc...
2. degrading situation of women.....
3. difference in development of EASTERN UP wrt Western UP
4. Trifurcation of UP
5. tourism potential of UP
6. significance of International Boarder(Nepal)...
I wud like to emphasize that while doing ur home state its CRIMINAL to neglect :
1) the imp. of extensively preparing all aspects of one's home(birth) district, place of residence and any other place in UP one has spend some time in.
2) guys it will still be ok if u fumble on other ques related to UP, but goofing around/havin wrong info about part of state u belong to has a direct bearing on ur interview maks.
1.what r the problems reltd to ur state ? and suggest measures to alleviate them?
2.contribution of the state of UP in the development of the country ?
3.why UP is lagging behind in industrialization ?
4.why poor performance in HDI ?
5. condition of health services in the state ?
6. recent controversy regarding the construction of monuments and parks between the CM and the SC ?
7. is the creation of the new state of bundelkhand the solution to the problems of this region?
1.why UP should be divided in in 3 parts?
2.reasons for lack of development
3.smaller vs larger state +ve n -ve
4.why so much migration of human resource from UP?
5.what kind of industries can be established in UP /
6............
problems in UP are highly interrelated , so it will be difficult to suggest any practical strategy without identifying the root causes of them....
e.g. poor industrilisation is because of no. of factors-
1. law & order situation is far from satisfaction, consequently investors are apprehensive w.r.t. investing in UP.....
2. lack of minerals for heavy industry......
3.low level of absolute & employable (education)literacy......
4.political will & vision not perceptible..mostly non-developmental politics
5.division of the society along caste and religious lines...thereby denying people chance to discuss issues concerning development...
Monday, January 4, 2010
Copenhegen Accord
What is the sum and substance of the Copenhagen Accord?
The Accord which could not be adopted due to objection by several countries such as Cuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua and Sudan was instead “taken note of”.
The Copenhagen Accord sets the goal of limiting global temperature increases to 2 degree celsius though it does not set any binding targets for emission reduction. Both developing and developed countries will have to inform UNFCCC of its commitment to reduce emission of greenhouse gases to mitigate the effects of climate change. The accord pledges $30 billion between 2010 and 2012 and $100 billion by 2020 for developing countries, particularly vulnerable countries and small island states, to help adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change.
The Accord which could not be adopted due to objection by several countries such as Cuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua and Sudan was instead “taken note of”.
The Copenhagen Accord sets the goal of limiting global temperature increases to 2 degree celsius though it does not set any binding targets for emission reduction. Both developing and developed countries will have to inform UNFCCC of its commitment to reduce emission of greenhouse gases to mitigate the effects of climate change. The accord pledges $30 billion between 2010 and 2012 and $100 billion by 2020 for developing countries, particularly vulnerable countries and small island states, to help adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change.
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